Research Methods
What does the term operationalization mean?
The procedures needed to measure or manipulate the constructs
What is internal validity?
The validity of inferences about whether the relationship between two variables is causal.
What is the definition of within-subject design?
Individuals experience all experimental treatments (i.e., all levels of the IV).
What must you obtain from participants at the beginning of a study?
Informed Consent
What are the four major ways of knowing?
Authority
Consensus
Observation
Logical analysis
What are the three options for assignments?
Random assignment to groups/conditions
Lack of random assignment
No assignment
What is external validity?
The validity of inferences about whether the relationship holds over variations in persons, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables.
What is the definition of between-subject designs?
Individuals experience only one experimental treatment (i.e., one level of the IV).
At the end of an experiment that including deception what should you do?
Debrief participants.
How many factors (IVs) there are and how many
levels there are for: 2 x 5 x 8
3 (IVs)
The first factor has 2
The second factor has 5
The third factor has 8
What are the characteristics of a randomized experiment?
Random assignment
Experimenter manipulates IV
Good control over other variables
There are nine threats to internal validity. What is the definition of maturation?
Naturally occurring changes over time could be confused with a treatment effect.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Within-subject design?
Advantage: Each person serves as his/her own control
Disadvantage: Probably have to counterbalance
Why is Milgram’s obedience study now considered unethical?
It involved substantial psychological distress.
What are the eight characteristics of Science?
Find general rules
Collect objective evidence
Make testable statements
Adopt a skeptical attitude about all claims
Is creative
Is public
Is productive
What is sampling and what is assignment?
Sampling – the manner in which subjects are selected to participate in the study
Assignment – if and how individuals are assigned to different conditions (e.g., experimental vs. control group)
What is the threat of validity?
Specific reasons why we can be partly or completely wrong when we make inferences on the basis of research.
When examining a graph for Main Effects, how should the lines look? How do the Interaction lines look?
Main Effect-Line are parallel
Interaction-Lines are not parallel
What are the three of Ethical Standards?
Institutional Approval
Informed Consent
Offering Inducements for Research Participation
Deception in Research
Debriefing
Which Ethical standards were not met in the Tuskegee syphilis study?
Informed Consent
Protect participants from adverse consequences
Offering Inducements for Research Participation
Deception in Research
Debriefing