Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
What four elements form 96% of the body's mass?
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
Define metabolism.
The collective term for all biochemical reactions in living things.
Define potential energy.
Potential energy is stored energy.
What kind of molecules form the phospholipid bilayer or the plasma membrane?
Amphipathic molecules
Define the octet rule.
What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?
The octet rule dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
Electrons are negative, protons are positive, and neutrons have a neutral charge.
Is oxygen required for glycolysis?
What are the four major steps of cellular respiration?
No
Glycolysis, the intermediate stage, the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Is a decomposition reaction an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Is a synthesis reaction an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Catabolic
Anabolic
Define kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
What are glycolipids made up of?
What are glycoproteins made up of?
Carbohydrates and phospholipids.
Carbohydrates and proteins.
Define anions and cations.
Define ions.
Define isotopes.
Anions are negatively charged ions and cations are positively charged ions.
Ions are charged atoms formed by ionization.
Isotopes are atoms that vary in their number of neutrons.
How many ATP molecules result from the glycolysis step?
Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?
What results from the splitting of glucose during the glycolysis step?
Two ATP molecules.
Anaerobic
Two pyruvate molecules.
Define an exchange reaction.
Define a decomposition reaction.
Define a synthesis reaction.
An exchange reaction has both decomposition and synthesis reactions.
A decomposition reaction breaks down substances.
A synthesis reaction builds substances.
What must potential energy do before it can do work?
Potential energy must be converted to kinetic energy before it can do work.
Define resting membrane potential.
Does passive transport move molecules down or up its concentration gradient?
What type of membrane transport does not require ATP? What does it require instead?
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane.
Down
Secondary active transport and kinetic energy.
Define a covalent bond.
Define a hydrogen bond.
Define nonpolar and polar covalent bonds.
Describe acids and bases relationship to hydrogen ions and protons.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves atoms sharing electrons.
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a partially positive and partially negative portion of two polar molecules.
A nonpolar covalent bond involves the equal sharing of electrons between atoms and polar covalent bonds involve the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Acids increase hydrogen ion concentration and are proton donors and bases decrease hydrogen ion concentration and are proton acceptors.
How many NADH molecules result from the glycolysis step?
Pyruvate gets oxidized into how many molecules of acetyl?
What coenzyme does acetyl join and what complex does it form?
Where does glycolysis occur?
Two NADH molecules.
Two molecules of acetyl.
Coenzyme A and it forms acetyl coA.
In the cytoplasm of mitochondria.
Define an endergonic reaction and its relationship to potential energy.
Define an exergonic reaction and its relationship to potential energy.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
An endergonic reaction releases energy and the reactants have more potential energy than the products.
An exergonic reaction requires energy and the products have more potential energy than the reactants.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only change in form.
When energy is transformed some energy is lost in the form of heat.
Define chemical energy.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in a molecule's chemical bonds.
In primary active transport the movement of polar substances is against their concentration gradient. True or false?
What type of membrane transport involves small polar molecules that require assistance to cross the plasma membrane?
What type of membrane transport maintains the resting membrane potential?
When a carrier protein binds to a polar molecule outside the cell what effect does this have on the transporter?
True
Facilitated diffusion
Primary active transport or the Na+/K+ pump.
It causes the transporter to change shape.
Define buffers.
Define a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction.
Define glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Draw and describe the four levels of protein structure.
What are the four complex biomolecules?
Buffers are molecules that prevent changes in pH of body fluids.
A dehydration synthesis reaction is a chemical process where two smaller molecules join together to form a larger molecule by releasing a water molecule and forming a covalent bond. A hydrolysis reaction is a chemical process where a larger molecule forms two or more smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant by breaking chemical bonds.
Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen and glycogenolysis is the process of converting glycogen into glucose.
Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Is ATP produced during the Krebs cycle?
What enzyme produces ATP and how many ATP molecules are produced?
What is the goal of the Krebs cycle?
What kind of concentration gradient is formed during the electron transport chain?
What molecules store energy during the Krebs cycle?
Yes
ATP synthase and 36 ATP molecules.
To finish breaking down carbon.
A concentration gradient of hydrogen ions.
FADH2 and NADH.
Define activation energy.
Define competitive inhibition.
Define noncompetitive inhibition.
What do enzymes function as for chemical reactions?
What is the groove called on an enzyme that accommodates a specific substrate?
The energy required to break existing chemical bonds.
Occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme's active site preventing the substrate from binding.
Occurs when a type of enzyme inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site.
They function as biological catalysts that speed up reactions by helping to lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
The active site
What are the three energy storage molecules in the body?
ATP, glucose, and triglycerides.
Define endocytosis.
Define exocytosis.
Define phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Define secondary active transport.
For every three sodium ions that are pumped out of the cell how many potassium ions are pumped into the cell?The process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them into a vesicle.
A process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior.
Cell eating and cell drinking cells.
The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient provides the energy to move a different substance against its gradient.
Two