Intro to Patho & Cellular stress
A decrease in cell size often seen in disuse, ischemia, or malnutrition.
What is atrophy?
right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time.
What are the 5 Rights of medication administration?
What does PK stand for and what are its 4 processes?
Pharmacokinetics = absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
Normal range for Na, K, and Ca.
100: Na 135–145, K 3.5–5.0, Ca 8.5–10.5.
Which neurotransmitter is used in the PsNS?
Acetylcholine.
Enlargement of skeletal muscle in athletes is this type of cellular adaptation.
What is hypertrophy?
What does ADPIE stand for in the nursing process?
Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.
What does PD stand for and how is it different from PK?
Pharmacodynamics = what drug does to body; PK = what body does to drug.
Differentiate FVD vs FVE (1 cause + 2 symptoms each).
FVD = GI loss, hypotension, tachycardia; FVE = renal failure, edema, crackles.
What’s the effect of β1 stimulation on the heart?
↑ HR, ↑ contractility.
Abnormal, disorganized cell growth that may be reversible if the stressor is removed.
What is dysplasia?
Differentiate between chemical, generic, and brand names. Provide one example from lec if you want
Chemical = structure; Generic = ibuprofen; Brand = Motrin.
Define first-pass effect and explain why PO doses are often higher than IV doses.
First-pass = liver metabolism before systemic circulation; PO doses ↑.
Match IV solution type (ISO, HYPO, HYPER, COL) with an example fluid.
ISO = NS/LR; HYPO = 0.45% NS; HYPER = 3% NS; COL = albumin.
Match the receptor to its effect: α1, α2, β1, β2.
α1 = vasoconstriction; α2 = ↓ SNS; β1 = heart; β2 = lungs.
Trauma, hypoxia, and anxiety are examples of these.
What are physical, physiological, and psychosocial stressors?
According to the Controlled Substance Schedules, what type of drugs are considered Schedule I?
Schedule I = no accepted medical use, high abuse (heroin, LSD).
A patient has low albumin. Explain the risk.
Less albumin = ↑ free drug → ↑ toxicity risk.
A pt has serum K = 2.9. Name 2 assessment findings and 1 intervention.
S/S = weakness, arrhythmia; Tx = IV K+.
This drug class is also known as sympathomimetics and includes drugs like epinephrine and albuterol.
What are adrenergic agonists?
Compare hyperplasia and hypertrophy as defined in the slides. Give one physiologic and one pathologic example of each.
Hypertrophy = ↑ cell size; Hyperplasia = ↑ cell number; Physio = uterus in pregnancy (hyperplasia), skeletal muscle growth (hypertrophy); Patho = endometrial hyperplasia, LV hypertrophy.
Why is close monitoring required when giving a drug with a narrow therapeutic index?
Low TI = small safety margin, requires monitoring (digoxin, lithium, warfarin).
Define half-life, therapeutic index, and MEC, and explain how they impact med administration.
Half-life = time to ↓ plasma drug by 50%; TI = safety margin; MEC = minimum effective concentration.
A pt with SIADH develops hyponatremia. Which IV fluid would you give and why?
Hypertonic (3% NS) → pulls water out of cells, raises Na.
Stimulation of this receptor causes bronchodilation, uterine relaxation, and increased blood glucose.
What is the β2 receptor?