Biomolecules & Enzymes
The monomers of proteins are called ____.
What are amino acids?
The “powerhouse” organelle that makes most ATP in eukaryotes.
What is the mitochondrion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
What is diffusion?
In DNA, adenine pairs with this base.
What is thymine?
Cellular machines where translation happens.
What are ribosomes?
The covalent bond joining amino acids in proteins.
What is a peptide bond?
These tiny structures build proteins in all cells.
What are ribosomes?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
DNA replication is described with this term because each daughter has one old and one new strand.
What is semi-conservative?
A three-base sequence on mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
What is a codon?
At room temp, saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids have this opposite effect on membrane fluidity.
What are “decrease” (saturated) and “increase” (unsaturated)?
Name one structure present in plant cells but not animal cells.
What is a cell wall, chloroplast, or large central vacuole? (any one)
This type of passive transport uses channels or carriers but no ATP.
What is facilitated diffusion?
These help bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription.
What are transcription factors?
Name two eukaryotic mRNA processing steps before translation.
What are 5′ capping, 3′ poly-A tail addition, and splicing (any two)?
Enzymes speed reactions by lowering this, but they don’t change ΔG.
What is activation energy?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and ships proteins received from the rough ER.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Pump that uses ATP to move Na⁺ out and K⁺ in against gradients.
What is the sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase)?
The enzyme that removes RNA introns.
What is spliceosome?
Region on tRNA that pairs with the mRNA codon.
What is the anticodon?
Non-protein helpers (like metal ions or vitamins) required by some enzymes are called ____.
What are cofactors (metal ions) or coenzymes (vitamin-derived)?
Organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down macromolecules and worn-out organelles.
What is the lysosome?
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will do this.
What is lose water and shrink?
The location from which transcription begins.
What is the promoter?
The mRNA recognition sequence for ribosomal binding in prokaryotes.
What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?