Intro to genetics
What are genes made of?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
________ is the process by which a gene (DNA) is used to synthesize a transient _______ (______) that leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to be used to construct a protein in a process
called __________
Transcription, Messenger RNA(mRNA), Translation
Who are credited with the elucidation of DNAs structure
Watson and Crick
The only enzyme we discussed for _______ of DNA to RNA is ___________
Transcription, RNA polymerase
Information on our own genome can be combined with other environmental and lifestyle information to design better therapeutics for _______ ______. We roughly have 22,000 genes within our _______.
Personalized medicine and genome
Proteins are made up of
Amino acids
What Two people provided information privy to Watson and Crick
Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargraff
_________ of RNA to protein occurs within the cytoplasm and by the ___________
Translation, ribosome
The study of inheritance and sometimes requires the use of pedigree analysis
Transmission genetics
Amino acid bond is called
Peptide bond
What is the “ backbone” of DNA
Deoxyribose sugars and phosphates
The ribosome reads the order of bases on the the mRNA in “words” of three letters, called _______
Codons
Takes the approach of directly observing the number, size and shape of chromosomes in a cell by arranging together into karyotype
Cytogenetics
We have 20 amino acids some are _____ and some are _______
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Amino acids and nucleic acids are made up of individual units called what
Nucleotides
Scientist have cracked the _________ so that we know which codons code for specific amino acids
Genetic code
is the physical manipulation and isolation of DNA/genes. This often requires the use
of Recombinant DNA Technology that leads to the fusion of one or more pieces of DNA from different
origins.
Molecular genetics
Environmental conditions, such as ___and ___________, can have a drastic
effect on protein shape and lead to its ________
pH and temperature, denaturation
This enzyme synthesizes DNA by reading the bases on the template strand
and putting in the correct complementary base (A-T and G-C). It can make a mistake but has the
ability to limit the number of mutations it puts in through a proofreading ability.
DNA Polymerase
_______ are the simplest examples of mutations where a single base is switched to another bass
Point mutations