Renal physiology
The pathway of nephron
What is renal corpuscle, pct, loop of henle, dct, collecting duct
The 3 stem cells lineages for blood cells and the differences between them
What are
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (god cell),
Common Myeloid Progenitor (all RBC, platelets, WBC except adaptive),
Common Lymphoid Progenitor (B-cell, T-cell, NK cell)
Unique anatomical features of lymph vessels
What are: Overlapping endothelial cells & minivalves, one-way valve closure, highest permeability
3 types of endocrine stimuli
What are Humoral (changing blood levels), Neural, and Hormonal
Pt with a PE is treated with Heparin. Which lab test is the most appropriate for monitoring the therapeutic effectiveness of this medication?
What is PTT
Where reabsorption of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), and Chloride (Cl-) occurs
What is ascending loop of henle
The site of thrombopoietin signaling
Where is liver?
Where the right lymphatic duct drains and where it inserts into the venous circulation
Upper right quadrant of the body: right side of head, neck, right thorax, and right upper extremity
Junction at right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein
The difference between anterior and posterior pituitary gland
Anterior: directly stimulate hormone release, connected to hypothalamus through vascular portal
Posterior: hormone storage, connected to hypothalamus through neurons
Pt's ABG results show: pH 7.28, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and HCO3− 24 mEq/L. What is most likely diagnosis?
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
3 things angiotensin II triggers
What are aldosterone, ADH, and thirst
Patient presents with severe inflammation and unspecified abdominal pain. What is likely to show on CBC?
What is Left Shift?
Pt hx of splenectomy. The functions of spleen that are lost and must be compensated for.
What are blood filtration/removes & recycles RBC (red pulp), and immune surveillance (white pulp)
The 3 hormones that the kidney produces and what are their functions
EPO, Renin, Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D, promotes Ca absorption and maintains Ca / phosphate balance)
The effect of hypocalcemia on the threshold potential of neurons
Threshold shifts closer to resting potential, making neurons more excitable.
Where BOTH aldosterone and ADH work
What is the collecting duct?
(Aldosterone works in collecting duct and DCT, ADH works in only collecting duct)
Patient is suspected to have anemia, but unsure of the cause. What are the 5 things to test for? (needed for RBC maturation)
What are EPO, iron, vitamin B12, folate, and functional bone marrow
Pt hx with stomach cancer. Assuming lymphatic spread, the place to determine whether cancer is metastatic or not
What is sentinel lymph node
A hormone is released from the hypothalamus as part of a hormone axis and stimulates the pituitary gland. Describe the mechanism of the events
It binds to an extracellular receptor and activates a cellular response
(All hypothalamic hormones are water-soluble)
Pt with CKD presents with a GFR of 25 mL/min. MRI required for a suspected brain tumor. Which consideration is most important regarding the use of Gadolinium contrast in this patient
Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
Patient presents with carbon monoxide poisoning (lower O2 []). THe kidneys can compensate through this.
What is release of Erythropoietin?
(Kidney's sense decreased oxygen delivery [] --> stimulate erythropoietin and RBC production)
Patient presents with prolonged bleeding time after multiple occasions of acute lacerations. Pt hx also states that family members tend to bruise easier, prolonged nose bleeds, and prolonged bleeding after dental work. The likely cause is:
What is Von Willbrande disease
Pt presents with enlarged thymus. What hx would determine whether enlargement is normal or dangerous?
What is age?
(Thymus is usually larger at a younger age)
Pt presents with low albumin levels after CMP. The affects on water soluble hormones and lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble affects: nothing
Lipid soluble affects: increase in free hormones, quicker metabolism of hormone, more dramatic effect
Pt is admitted for a suspected MI. Which intracellular enzyme is released into the bloodstream whenever tissue is damaged, particularly in the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle