Scientific Method/and characteristics of life
What are the five steps of the scientific method?
1. observation
2. Make a hypothesis
3. Controlled experiment
4. Analyze results
5. conclusion
What information is provided by the atomic number, what information is provided by the mass number and how are the number of neutrons for an element determined.
atomic number tells you the number of protons or electrons.
mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons.
The number of neutrons is calculated by subtracting the mass number from the atomic number.
Daily - DoubleWhich is a weaker base pH 11 or pH13. Which one has less H+ , which one has more OH-?
pH 11 is a weaker base. pH13 has less H+, and pH 13 has more OH-.
Why do lipids have to be packaged into lipoproteins when lipids are in circulation?
Lipids are hydrophobic, and blood is mostly made of water, so lipoproteins are vesicles that shield the lipids from water.
What is the difference between a non-essential and essential amino acid
Made of lipids and proteins that move around
What are the eight characteristics of all living things.
1. Require energy
2. Made of cells
3. Respond to stimuli
4. DNA as genetic material
5. Evolution
6. Reproduce independently
7.Growth and development
8. Homeostasis
Describe in detail an ionic bond, polar covalent bond, hydrogen bond.
1. Ionic bond is a transfer of electrons
2. Polar covalent bond electrons shared unequally
3. Nonpolar covalent bond electrons are shared equally.
4. Hydrogen bond between a slightly positive hydrogen atom on one molecule with a slightly negatively charged atom on a different molecule.
decrease in protons, buffer will increase protons.
1. What type of chemical bond holds a disaccharide together?
2. What type of chemical links two amino acids together?
1. glycosidic
2. peptide
1. Explain when a protein folds where the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids are located
2. What is denaturation
3. List three things that can cause a protein to denature
1.Hydrophobic amino acids are located inside the protein away from water, while hydrophillic proteins are located on the outside where they can interact with water
2 When a protein unfolds, therefore loses it's function.
3. Salt, temperature, radiation
If you performed an experiment where you had a control group compared to an experimental group where the experimental group was on a keto diet (high protein) be creative and provide an example of qualitative and quantitative data you could obtain from this experiment
open ended
1. Carbon 12 has an an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12, while carbon 13 has an atomic number of 6, and a mass number of 13. Explain in detail why they are isotopes
2. If atom A and atom B are isotopes and atom A has 16 electrons, 16 protons, and 17 neutrons, while atom B has 18 neutrons, how many electrons and protons does atom B have?
3. What are the ratios of protons and electrons in a neutral atom compared to an ion.
1. They are isotopes because they have different mass numbers, therefore different number of neutrons. Carbon 12 has 6 neutrons, while carbon 13 has 7 neutrons.
2. Atom B would have 16 protons and 16 electrons.
3. A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, while an ion if it it a cation(positively charged) has one less electron, while an anion ( negatively charged) has one extra electron,
Explain the difference between cohesion and adhesion
Cohesion is the attraction of water to itself, while adhesion is the of water to different molecules with a charge.
Daily Double- What are the functions of tri-glycerides
2. What is the main function of phospholipids
3. What are four functions of cholesterol
1. Long-term energy storage, insulation
2. Make up cell membrane
3. Make up cell membrane, make vitamin D, makes bile, makes testosterone, and estrogen
1. Describe the primary structure of a protein
2. What are the two types of secondary structure of a protein and what determines what type of secondary structure the protein, and what do both types of secondary structure have in common.
3. Describe the tertiary structure of a protein and list 4 types of chemical bonds that hold them together
4. Describe the quaternary structure of a protein
. Amino acid sequence
2.
alpha helix or beta sheet
primary structure
both held together by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups
3. Final 3D folding of a protein in which the R groups interact
disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds
4. Proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain.
If plant A is exposed to sunlight for 6 days, watered for 4 days, and feed for 3 days, while plant B s exposed to sunlight for 6 days, watered for 5 days, and feed for 5 days, while plant B and after you analyze the results you find plant B was 3 cm taller, could you definitively explain why plant B was taller?
No because two variables were altered.
Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. How many electrons, protons, neutrons does potassium have. How many electrons are in each orbital, and how many chemical bonds does potassium form.
Potassium has 19 electrons, 19 protons, 20 neutrons.
2 electrons in 1st orbital, 8 electrons in second orbital, 8 electrons in third orbital, 1 electron in 4th orbital.
3. 1 chemical bond
Describe how a hydrogen bond forms between two water molecules, and how many hydrogen bonds does water form.
Between the slightly positive hydrogen on one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen on another water molecule. Each water molecule can form a hydrogen bond with four other water molecules.
Identify these three structures
1. triglyceride
2. steroid
3. polysaccharide
1.What four properties can the "R" groups have.
2. What type of biological macromolecules are enzymes.
3. Describe what an active site of an enzyme is
4. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions
1.polar, non-polar, positive, and negatively charged
2. proteins
3. Active site is the portion of the enzyme that binds
4. Lower the activation energy
If you land on mars and go on an expedition and in the soil you find an organism that over 3 days grows 3cm, you notice it contracts when exposed to cold conditions, and are able to extract DNA from it. Explain based on this information you collected if this can be classified as a living organism or not.
No because you only found 3/8 characteristics that are required to be classified as a living organism.
Water is H2O it is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, while oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.5. a. What is the difference in electron negativity between hydrogen and oxygen? b. Is water non-polar or polar (if it is polar you have to identify the atom that has the partial negative charge and the atom that has the partial positive charge.
Difference in electronegativity is 1.4. Water is polar, oxygen has a slightly negative charge, hydrogen slightly positive charge.
1. Describe what specific heat capacity is.
2. Provide two examples of water’s strong specific heat capacity in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms (be specific).
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius.
For warm-blooded animals allows for body temperature homeostasis in a variety of temperatures
For aquatic organisms since water has a higher specific capacity than air, the temperature changes in the body of water will not be as extreme as changes in air temperature.
Compare and contrast type i and type 2 diabetes
Type I is an autoimmune disease that results in death of beta cells, therefore decrease insulin production. As a result less glucose delivered into cells and hyperglycemia. Cells use fats as an energy source that will produce ketone bodies that will eventually cause ketoacidiosis.
Type II insulin receptors are resistant to insulin. Since cells are not responding to insulin, beta cells think they need to produce more insulin. Eventually Beta cells are overworked resulting in apoptosis of the beta cells, therefore less insulin prodiced.
Both result in hyperglycemia and ketoacidiosis.
1. What are four types of chemical bonds that can hold together the " R " together in the teritary structure of a protein
2. Compare and Contrast competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
3. Describe what feedback inhibition is and what the purpose of feedback inhibition is.
1. Hydrogen bonds, Disulfide Bonds, Hydrophobic Interaction, Ionic bonds
2.
Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate, therefore they block the substrate from binding to the active site and will slow down the rate of the reaction. They are reversible by adding more substrate.
Non-competitive inhibitors bind outside the active site, therefore denture the enzyme and are irreversible
3. when the final product binds to the first enzyme of a pathway and the purpose is to conserve energy