Metabolism
Which pathway involves oxygen and what is it called?
Aerobic pathway; oxidative phosphorylation
What two hormones affect glucose levels in the blood?
Insulin & glucagon
What is the primary job of an enzyme?
Increase the reaction rate
What is osmosis?
the movement of water across a membrane
What is the term for when net water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink?
Hypertonic
What is the type of fat that the skeletal muscle uses primarily?
Fatty acids
Name 2 organs that the anterior pituitary gland targets
Options: mammary glands, musculoskeletal system, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonads
True or False: An enzyme that is used during a reaction never changes the outcome of the reaction
TRUE
What molecule can move freely through a membrane?
Water (H2O)
What are the two things that tonicity compares?
A solution and the ICF of a cell
What are 3 ways carbs are used in the body?
1. Glucose (blood sugar)
2. Glycogen (stored in liver and skeletal muscle)
3. Glycogenolysis (converting glycogen to glucose)
What hormone decreases during exercise?
What is the term used for when molecules collide with a specific amount of force in order to react?
Activation energy / Energy of Activation
Why does osmosis occur?
Solute concentration gradient response
How do we compare tonicity?
1. Relative concentrations of non-penetrating (NP) solutes in the ICF of the cell vs in the solution
2. Water moves until NP solute concentrations are equal between the ICF of the cell and the solution.
What is the term for when amino acids (proteins) are converted to glucose in the liver?
Gluconeogenesis
What are the main functions of cortisol in the body?
Options: Gluconeogenesis, immune system suppressant, affects mood & memory, negative Ca balance, circadian rythmn
What are the two main parts of Michaelis-Menten Kinetics?
Vmax (maximal rate of reaction) and Km (substrate concentration at 1/2 the Vmax)
What is the equation we use to calculate osmolarity?
Osmolarity (osmol/L) = molarity (mol/L) x (osmol/mol)
If a cell is isotonic it is in a state of ________.
Homeostasis/Equilibrium
How much ATP does the aerobic metabolism produce approximately?
30-32 ATP
What hormones are increased during exercise?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon
What are the 4 factors that affect the rate chemical reactions?
1. Reactant and product concentration
2. Temperature
3. pH
4. Activation energy barrier
What is the difference between molarity and osmolarity?
Molarity expresses concentration (mol/L or M) while osmolarity expresses the number of osmotically active particles (osmol/L)
What unit is used to describe tonicity?
NONE; tonicity does not have a unit, unlike osmolarity