Intro to Animal Physiology
The hierarchical organization in an animal's body.
What is cell-->tissue-->organ-->organ system--> organism?
The process that allows O2 and CO2 to cross the cell membrane.
What is simple diffusion?
Functions of the circulatory system.
What are transport materials, thermoregulation and protection (against infection)?
What is peristalsis?
Connects bone to bone; Attaches muscle to bone.
What is a ligament? What is a tendon?
What is the difference between concurrent exchange and countercurrent exchange?
Concurrent: blood flows in the SAME direction as water until oxygen levels reach equilibrium.
Countercurrent: blood flows in the opposite direction of water, more efficient than concurrent.
Contrast the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart to the body cells, have very thick walls.
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart, lower blood velocity and pressure. Thinner walls.
Capillaries: Receive oxygenated blood through arterioles, diffuse gases and nutrients to interstitial fluid, then return deoxygenated blood to venules.
Describe the role of the epiglottis.
During the contraction of swallowing, the epiglottis covers the laryngeal opening, preventing food from going down into the trachea.
Explain the difference between a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop, and give 1 example of each.
Positive feedback loop: A mechanism to amplify change in the internal environment to make it more unstable. Ex: Childbirth, blood clotting.
Negative feedback loop: A mechanism that reverses the change in the internal environment to return it to "normal". Ex: Vasodilatation, vasoconstriction.
Explain how muscles control the flow of air during inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation: The diaphragm contracts and pulls down, the volume of the lungs increases,the pressure of air in the lungs decreases and gas moves from high to low pressure.
Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the lungs decreases, and the pressure of air in the lungs increases.
How does blood flow back to the heart when there is low pressure?
The contraction of skeletal muscle helps push blood through the one-way valves of the veins.
Digestion: The mechanical or chemical breaking down of food, which makes it readily available for cells to use.
Absorption: The nutrients are circulated by the bloodstream around the body to store or use.
Name each type of tissue and describe each type.
Epithelial: Sheets of cells that cover body surfaces and line organs and body cavities.
Connective: Holds cells together, provides shape and support, and has an ECM. Most abundant type. Made up of proper and special.
Muscle: Generates movement by using ATP to contract both voluntarily and involuntarily.
Nervous: Made up of neurons. The purpose is to sense stimuli and transmit information.
Name the path that air goes through during inhalation.
Nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Explain the role of platelets and explain the steps to carry out their function.
Platelets' role is to clump together to form a clot.
1. Platelets adhere to the exposed connective tissue. 2. Platelets form a plug. 3. A fibrin clot forms.
Explain how the stomach works to digest food.
Physically digests by mixing the food around through contractions. Pits of the stomach release gastric juices that chemically digest the food. The stomach's acidity kills bacteria and breaks down the cells of food.
Explain the steps of vasodilation or vasoconstriction and explain how it contributes to maintaining homeostasis.
Vasodilation: 1. BV near the surface increases in diameter. 2. Blood flow is increased, and heat is brought to the body's surface. 3. Sweat glands release water onto the skin's surface 4. Heat is absorbed by the water and released by evaporation.
Vasoconstriction: 1. Surface BV decreases in diameter. 2. Heat is kept away from the bodys surface, preventing heat loss
Explain the role of hemoglobin.
A respiratory protein that binds to oxygen in the bloodstream and transfers it.
Describe the step by step path of blood through the heart (including lefts and rights)
Body --> Right Atrium --> Right Ventricle--> Lungs-->Left Atrium-->Left Ventricle--> Body
Compare and contrast the anatomy of the small vs. large intestine and how their functions differ.
Small: 20ft long with many folds, has villi and microvilli that line the walls and absorb nutrients. Primary site of digestion.
Large: Larger diameter, but shorter length. Absrobs water, salts and vitamins, passes materials through that cannot be digested.