Ways of Knowing
This "way of knowing" relies on common sense or a gut feeling.
What is intuition?
A set of rules, procedures, and assumptions that enable us to make sense of our observations
What is the scientific method?
This type of claim describes a single variable, like "41% of people reported X."
What is a frequency claim?
A principle of ethics that emphasizes fairness in the distribution of benefits.
What is justice?
Any characteristic that can vary between people and/or in the same person over time.
What is a variable?
This way of knowing draws conclusions from anecdotal evidence and is criticized for not being generalizable or systematic.
What is experience?
A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory.
What is a hypothesis?
This is the only type of research design that can support a causal claim.
What is an experiment?
A group of people designed to consider whether research proposals violate the principles of ethics.
What are Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?
This equation describes how a variable is formed: a construct plus this.
What is an operational definition?
This way of knowing involves accepting information from experts, government officials, or parents.
What is authority?
The principle that a good theory must be capable of being shown to be untrue when tested using scientific methods.
What is falsifiability?
What type of claim is this?
"People who sit within two tables of the bartender have three more alcoholic drinks, on average, than those who sit three tables away."
What is an association / correlational claim?
The principle of ethics that involves weighing the benefits of the research against risks to participants.
What is beneficence?
A scale where the distance between values are all the same; zero does not mean the absence of the variable.
What is an interval scale?
This way of knowing draws conclusions from reason alone, but fails when the starting premise is wrong (e.g., "all birds can fly").
What is logic (rationalism)?
This type of replication tests the same underlying hypothesis using different methods in order to test generalizability.
What is conceptual replication?
This term describes an extraneous variable that specifically co-varies with the manipulation, offering an alternative explanation for the results.
What is a confound?
The principle of research ethics that emphasizes the importance of informed consent.
What is respect for persons?
This type of reliability means that if you take the same test twice, your score shouldn't change dramatically over time.
What is test-retest reliability?
This way of knowing draws conclusions from data collected through systematic observation, but is limited, time-consuming, and prone to bias.
What is empiricism?
The process of judging the scientific merit of research through evaluation by scholars in the field.
What is peer review?
This validity asks whether the results of a study generalize beyond the specific people, place, and time it was conducted in.
What is external validity?
The fact that participants were not allowed to leave the Stanford Prison Experiment violated this principle of research ethics.
What is respect for persons?
Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness, numbers have no numerical meaning.
What are nominal (categorical) variables?