Intro to Anatomy
Name the organization levels in order from smallest to largest.
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism level
What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution? Also define in terms of concentration gradient movement.
Cell will lyse because you're moving from low solute to high solute concentration.
Give me a function of the integumentary system.
-physical/chemical protection
-body temperature regulation
-synthesize vit. D
-provides sensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration)
CMEN- Connective, Muscular, Epithelial, Nervous
In space, ____________ are inhibited and ____________ are stimulated.
osteoblasts = inhibited
osteoclasts = stimulated
Name an example of and define Negative Feedback Loop and Positive Feedback.
Negative Feedback Loop: oppose initial change/reduce output; Body Temperature regulation, blood sugar levels
Positive Feedback: increases initial stimulus; blood clotting or childbirthWhere is the most CO2 produced during aerobic respiration? Where does this step happen in the cell?
Kreb's Cycle, happens in the mitochondria.
In this type of skin cancer, tumors appear most frequently on the face, neck, bald scalp, hands, shoulders, arms, and back.
squamous cell carcinoma
Give me the 3 types of Connective Tissues.
1. Connective Tissue Proper: Loose + Dense (regular and irregular)
2. Fluid Connective Tissue: blood + lymph
3. Supportive Connective Tissue: cartilage + bone
What is the difference between caniculi and lacunae?
lacunae: where osteocytes live
Name the cavities of the Thoracic Cavity, and what each one houses.
Pleural: lungs
Mediastinum: heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus
Pericardial: heart
Name the three things that keep the cell membrane potential negative.
1. K+ leaks out at rest.
2. Inside of cells have fixed (-) charged proteins and phosphates.
3. Na+/K+ pump: 3 Na+ out vs. 2 K+ in, net loss=lose more positive.
Name the epidermal layers from deepest to superficial.
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Where can we find reticular fibers?
bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver
Give me the pathway of a bone cell starting from the stem cell.
Mesenchymal stem cell, osteochondral progenitor cell, osteoblast or chondrocyte, osteoblast turns into osteocyte.
Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries
Name the pathway of a protein throughout a cell.
Nucleus, RER, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles, Plasma Membrane
Name 2 examples of tactile epithelial cells.
Meissner corpuscle, Merkel cells, epidermal ridges, Pacinian corpuscle
Give me at least 3 Connective Tissue Proper Cells that are involved with immunity.
microphages, macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes, plasma cells
Name the pathway of what occurs if you have high Ca2+ levels in the blood.
Thyroid gland -> calcitonin -> inhibits osteoclasts ->tells kidneys to pee out Ca2+
Name the organ systems that do Acid-Base regulation.
Cardiovascular system: carries CO2 away from body
Respiratory system: keep/blow off CO2
Digestive system: absorb H+ ions
Urinary: pee/keep H+ ions
Name the 3 types of endocytosis.
Pinocytosis (extracellular fluid), phagocytosis (foreign objects), receptor-mediated endocytosis (hormones, LDL)
Apocrine: limited distribution, sticky cloudy odorous secretions, located in axilla, pubis, areolae.
Where can we find dense regular connective tissue?
suspensory ligaments of ovary: made of PARALLEL bundles of elastic fibers (stretchy)
Give me all the steps of bone repair.
1. Fracture hematoma occurs.
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms to bridge broken edges.
3. Bony callus replaces fibrocartilaginous callus.
4. Bony callus is remodeled into compact bone/bone fragments are fully reabsorbed.