History of Genetics
Organisms that are easy to grow, have a short life cycle, produce many offspring, and can easily be analyzed genetically
What is a model organism?
Alternative forms of the same gene
What are alleles?
The portion of interphase where DNA is replicated
What is S-phase?
The descriptor used when an individual has two copies of the same allele
What is a homozygous genotype?
The number of chromatids and chromosomes in the image
What are the numbers 6 and 4?
This theory suggests that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves
What is preformation?
The name of the molecule that sits on the centromere of a chromosome
What are kinetochore proteins?
The phase of the cell cycle where the nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers attach
What is prometaphase?
The phenotype of offspring in a cross between a homozygous dominant yellow pea plant and a homozygous recessive green pea plant
What are 4 yellow offspring?
Identify this phase of meiosis
What is anaphase II?
This revolutionary gene-editing technology, adapted from bacteria’s defense against invading viruses, uses a guide RNA and a nuclease to cut DNA at specific sites.
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
The term for the number of chromosomes in somatic cells
What is diploid?
The checkpoint that makes sure the cell has not accumulated DNA damage
What is the G1/S checkpoint?
A test used to compare observed data with expected data
What is the the chi-square (χ2) test for goodness of fit?
A cross between these two individuals produces offspring with these genotypes
What are 2 homozygous dominant and 2 heterozygous offspring?
A type of reverse genetics where a researcher may induce a frameshift mutation in a gene to permanently turn it off.
What is a gene knockout?
A photograph of an individuals complete set of chromosomes used to identify nondisjunction
What is a karyogram?
The phase of meiosis where the chromosomes detach at the chiasmata
What is anaphase I?
The phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross
What is 9:3:3:1?
The structure circled in this image
What is a telomere?
The first animal was cloned using this technique
What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?
The term for chromosomes after they decondense at the end of mitosis
What is chromatin?
The type of error which results in 4 haploid cells where:
one cell is n+1, one cell is n-1, and two cells are n
What is non-disjunction in meiosis II?
Mendel's fourth postulate stating that alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation
What is the law of independent assortment?
The type of inheritance shown in this pedigree
What is autosomal recessive inheritance?