The Founding
Powers not given to the national government by the constitution, or not prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states
What are reserved powers?
The form of government that divides sovereign power across at least two political units.
What is federalism?
Congress' control over taxation and spending is called this.
What is the power of the purse?
Constitutionally established guarantees and freedoms that protect citizens, opinions, and property against government interference.
What are civil liberties?
This person co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which eventually became the United Farm Workers labor union.
Who is Cesar Chavez?
The clause stating that any national law is the supreme law and takes precedence over any state law.
What is the National Supremacy Clause?
Form of federalism in which national and state governments are seen as distinct entities providing separate services.
What is dual federalism?
The power to receive ambassadors and foreign ministers, and the power to issue pardons are examples of powers of this branch of government.
What is the executive branch?
Rule stating that illegally or unconstitutionally acquired evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial.
What is exclusionary rule?
This court case determined that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional and that race-based school segregation violates 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause.
What is Brown v Board of Education (1954)?
A proposal at the Constitutional Convention which based representation in the national legislature on population.
What is the Virginia Plan?
Responsibilities for certain policy areas such as transportation, that are shared by the federal, state, and local governments.
What are concurrent powers?
Congress' power to remove the president, vice prescient, or other “officers of the United States” (like federal judges).
What is impeachment?
This protected speech is a form of nonverbal expression, such as the use of signs or symbols (like burning the US flag).
What is symbolic speech?
Rule that permitted those who had voted before the Civil War and their descendants to vote even if they did not meet voting requirements.
The idea that having a variety of parties and interests within a government will strengthen the system, ensuring that no group possesses total control.
What is pluralism?
A state building a factory on its eastern border is an example of this.
What is environmental free-riding?
The ability of the Supreme Court to strike down a law or an executive branch action as unconstitutional.
What is judicial review?
This test says that government action is unconstitutional if a reasonable observer would think that the action either endorsed or disapproves of religion.
What is the endorsement test?
This piece of legislation removed 60,000 Native Americans from the southeastern United States.
What is the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
One of the three reasons for constitutional endurance, stating that the breadth of participation in the formulating the constitutional agreement increases constitutional endurance.
What is inclusion?
A situation in which states try to compete with each other by increasing resources for infrastructure and development in order to become more attractive to businesses
What is "Race to the Top"?
The president being the commander in chief, but Congress having the power to declare war is an example of this.
What is shared powers?
The level of scrutiny a law or policy must pass if it is content neutral
The idea that women were too frail to compete in the business world and needed to be protected by men.
What is protectionism?