Population Genetics
the sum of all the alleles in a population
gene pool
Favors average phenotype and selecting against extreme phenotype
Stabilizing selection
Two organism very closely related on a phylogenetic tree are called
sister taxa
What did Charles Darwin theorize (broad answer - 2 words)
Natural Selection
the similar construction of these appendages indicates that these organisms share a common ancestor.
Homologous Structures
rate at which specific allele appears within a population.
allele frequency
distinct phenotypes having more advantage for natural selection while intermediate phenotypes are, on average, less fit.
Diversifying selection
a single lineage evolved into a new distinct one
branch point
this guy noticed environmental modifications in individuals
Lamarck
No know function at all and could be a residual part from a past common ancestor.
Vestigial structures
what are the two equations of hardy-weinberg equilibrium
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p+q=1
Allows researchers to determine which individuals are contributing additional offspring to the next generation, and thus how the population might evolve.
Relative fitness
A basal taxon indicates that....
an organism evolved early
changes are seen across different geographic region was proposed by
Goerges-Louis
formation of 2 species from one original species
speciation
States that a population’s allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable- unless some kind of evolutionary force is acting upon the population, neither the allele nor the genotypic frequencies would change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium
Natural selection acts on heritable traits selecting for beneficial alleles and selecting against deleterious alleles
adaptive evolution
The field that scientists use to organize and classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
systematics
This guy says species stay the same regardless of time
Plato
A change in the way a river flows that cuts of a population from the parent population can cause
allopatric speciation
A random landslide occurred at the base of a mountain where a large population of foxes lived. Many of the fox population died and only a chance few survived. What is being described
Bottleneck effect
Changes in the environment can cause this type of selection
Ex talked about in class) Peppered moth evolution in 18th and 19th century England.
Directional Selection
Describes the use of information on the molecular level including DNA analysis.
Molecular Systematics
These two scientists presented their findings before the Linnean society
Darwin and Wallace
The examples of finches with different beak shapes on different islands that we talked about in class is an example of
adaptive radiation