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Theory: broad explanations for a wide range of phenomena
Hypotheses: testable assumptions derived from theories
- Use operational definitions
- Falsifiable
- Used to guide collection of empirical data
Why is it important to consider the role of culture within the diagnostic process?
Deviance is always related to cultural standards
- shaping normal and abnormal development
- Defining and labeling abnormality
- Conceptualizing and explaining problem behavior
- Treating psychopatholog
How do you contact the teaching team for any questions?
Email the entire teaching team (make sure to use the class number).
What is reliability and replication?
Reliability: repeatability/consistency of measures
Replication: when a study is repeated (often by new researchers) using new subjects, and similar results are found
What is validity, and what is the difference between internal and external validity?
Validity: Measures what it’s supposed to measure
- Internal Validity: ruling out other explanations through control
- External Validity: how much you can generalize this result to other subjects, situations, and populations
- Increasing internal validity may decrease external validity
What are random samples, and why are they important?
Random samples maintain validity and help us develop appropriate diagnostics and treatments
What is a case study? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Focus is on the individual.
Advantages:
- Illustrate: Nature, Course, Outcomes
- Study rare conditions
Disadvantages:
- biases
- reliability
- validity
What is the general research process like?
1. theory and prior research
2. research question
3. hypothesis
4. Methods of measurement
5. research design
6. data collection/findings
7. inferences/interpretation
What are the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires?
Advantages:
- Highly structured
- Not time-consuming
- Can obtain a lot of information
Disadvantages:
-Cannot probe, expand, and clarify responses
- Subject must be willing/able to report
- Non-responders
Where are impulse disorders in the DSM-5TR, and what type of problems are typically found within these conditions?
They are in the category of "disruptive, impulse-control, and Conduct Disorders."
Include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. Important to note that other disorders also include the tendency to violate the rights of others.
What disorders are included in this category (reference previous question)?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pyromania
Kleptomania
Unspecified/Other Specified Disruptive
Impulse Control
Conduct Disorder
What are risk and protective/resilience factors? What are some examples of both?
Risk factors: variables that precede a negative outcome and increase the chances that the outcome will occur
- e.g., inherited genetic disorders, malnutrition, teratogens, problems in social interactions, hyperactivity, parental substance abuse or mental illness, dangerous neighborhood
Protective factors: reduce risk and increase resiliency
- e.g., early identification, high-quality nutrition, enriched learning, close relationship with at least one caregiver, peer acceptance
What are the two types of time series studies?
Reversal designs:
- also known as ABAB
- you identify one behavior (could also be multiple behaviors at a time) to be tracking.
- ABAB refers to ABAB treatment. a is u let them do whatever, b u include treatment, and we repeat to make sure the change is due to treatment and not other variables
Multiple baseline designs:
- used in behavioural therapy and behavioural observations, which means we target one or a small number of behaviours in one or a small number of participants
- allow us to determine cause and effect because we control when treatment is introduced
What are the advantages and disadvantages of observations?
advantages:
- structured or naturalistic
disadvantages:
- Time-consuming
- Coding system influences
- Subjects react to observation
What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal designs?
Cross-sectional:
- people of different ages viewed at the same time.
- we measure age differences; it's quick to do, but differences may be due to generational variables
Longitudinal designs:
- Same people followed across time
- measures developmental change; can describe course
- longer, more expensive, dropouts, repeat testing
What is a disorder according to the APA?
- clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
- dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
- significant distress
- disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
cannot be due to:
- expected or culturally approved response to a common stressor
- socially deviant behavior (e.g. political, religious, or sexual) has to result from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above
What are the types of interviews? What are the advantages and disadvantages of interviews?
Interviews can be: unstructured, semi-structured, structured
Advantages:
- can probe, expand, and clarify responses
- structured or semi-structured interviews may be more reliable and valid
Disadvantages:
- Time-consuming
- Subject must be willing/able to report
- Interviewer desirability bias
Representative samples: Does your sample reflect the population?
Unbiased samples: initially, the groups don’t differ systematically
What are correlational methods? Does it allow for cause-and-effect interference? Why or why not?
- Determine whether there is a relationship between existing variables
- Both direction and magnitude matter
- No random assignment, can be used when random assignment would be unethical
Cannot allow cause-and-effect interference.
- cannot say which variable leads to the other variable, and doesn't account for a third possible variable
What is epidemiological research?
study of incidence, prevalence and co occurrences of childhood disorders
What are the behavioral indicators of Disorders?
Time course:
- developmental delay
- developmental regression
- the difficulty persists over time
Quantitative indicators:
- extremely high or low frequency
- extremely high or low intensity
Qualitative indicators:
- inappropriate to the situation
- Behavior qualitatively different from normal
What are the developmental pathway terms?
- Equifinality: Different pathways may lead to similar expressions of psychopathology
- Multifinality: similar initial pathways may result in different forms of dysfunction
- Multideterminism: etiology of any psychopathology is determined by many different factors
What is the difference between within-subjects experiments and between-subjects experiments?
Within-subjects experiments: the different conditions are applied to each subject
Between-subjects experiments: different conditions are applied to different subjects
- Each subject receives only one condition
- Random assignment needed
Experiments test cause and effect relationships between variables
- Experimental control over variables
- Independent variable: what is hypothesized to cause the effect (Conditions/Groups the experimenter assigns)
- Dependent variable: what “depends on” the independent variable, what you are measuring, where the effect will be seen
What are incidence and prevalence rates?
incidence rates:
- number of new cases of a disorder in a specific period
prevalence rates:
- all cases observed at a specific point in time