CH.1 Study of Body Fx
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: studies the structure of the human body.
Physiology: studies the function of the human body.
What are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom?
BONUS (+100): What are the charges and function of each?
What is a Proton (+) Identification, Neutron (0) Nuclear Stability, and Electron (-) Bonding?
What are the 3 common features of a cell?
What are the Plasma Membrane, the Cytoplasm, and the Nucleus?
What is the net movement of molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration referred to?
BONUS (+50): What is the term when referring to H20 movement?
What is Diffusion?
What is Osmosis?
What is Pathophysiology the study of?
What are the changes of the body due to illness or injury?
Mechanisms that are used by organelles to maintain a fairly stable condition within the body is referred to as?
What is Homeostasis?
What is the form of measurement for the concentration of hydrogen ions?
BONUS (+50): What is 0-6, 7 and 8-14 pH tell us?
pH: Amount of Hydrogen Protons in a solution.
BONUS: Acidic, Neutral and Basic
What is the Plasma Membrane considered?
BONUS (+50): What exceptions are there?
What is Semi-permeable?
BONUS: What are Lipids, Small Molecules and Without a Charge.
What are the five factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
BONUS (+100): Which is cell independent and cell dependent?
What are, Magnitude, Permeability, Temperature, Surface Area of the Membrane, and Size of the Molecule.
BONUS:
Independent: Magnitude, Temperature, and Size of Molecule.
Dependent: Permeability and Surface Area.
_____ follows _______.
What is Water (H2O) and Solute? Water (H20) Follows Solute
What are the "players" of Homeostasis? What do they do?
BONUS (+50): Where does the Setpoint reside and what is it?
Sensor: receives information from stimulus and relays it to I.C.
Integration Center: receives information from sensor and guided by the setpoint, relays (if needed) antagonistic actions required to the effector.
Effector: receives information from the I.C and uses mechanics in the body to return condition to a fairly stable setpoint.
BONUS: The setpoint resides in the Integration Center and contains the target values for each internal condition in the body.
What type of bond is used when sharing valence electrons? What is the term used for unequal sharing?
What are Covalent Bonds?
What are Polar Covalent Bonds?
What are the 5 different types of Bulk Transport?
BONUS (+50): Are all material specific?
What is: Phagocytosis, Endocytosis (Pinocytosis & Receptor-mediated endo.), and Exocytosis?
BONUS: No, only Receptor-mediated is material specific.
If the Molecular weight (MW) of Glucose is 180, 1 mole of Glucose would be how much in grams?
What is 180 grams?
There is always more of what inside of the cell and what outside of the cell?
What is Potassium (K+) Inside?
What are Chloride (Cl-), Calcium (Ca2+), and Sodium (Na+) Outside?
What is the difference between Autoregulation and Extrinsic Regulation?
Autoregulation (intrinsic): when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts automatically in response to environmental change.
Extrinsic: adjustments are made by either the nervous system or endocrine system. External regulators.
What bonds form between ions?
BONUS (+50) How are they easily dissociated?
What are Ionic Bonds?
What is H2O? The water molecules form spheres around the individual ions, dissolving the ionic bond.
What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
BONUS (+50): What are the two types, where are they found?
What are ribosomes?
BONUS: What are Free and Bound Ribosomes. Free are found in Cytoplasm unbound to any structure/organelle. Bound are found on Rough ER, studded.
What is Osmolality? What does it have to do with Osmosis?
BONUS (+50/EACH):
a) What is the Osm freezing point (formula)?
b) What is our Blood Osmolality setpoint?
Osmolality: (Osm) is the total molality of a solution. Can determine direction of Osmosis.
BONUS:
a) (Osm)(-1.86) = freezing point
b) 0.3 Osm = 300 mOsm
What are the four major Macromolecules or Biomolecules in the body?
BONUS (+50/EACH): How can you visually identify them?
What are, Carbohydrates ("sugars" or "saccharides"), Lipids ("fats" or "triglycerides"), Proteins (made of 100+ amino acids) and Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA "building blocks").
a) Carbohydrates: CnH2nOn, Carbon "backbone" and has Hydrogen or Oxygen atoms attached to Carbon.
b) Lipids: Composed of 4 organic molecules, glycerol molecule and fatty acid tails.
c) Proteins: "R" group (determines amino acid) and a "central" Carbon.
d) Nucleic acids: 5-Carbon sugar phosphate group and Nitrogenous base (one ring or two)
Which Feedback Loop Increases deviations and which Feedback Loop Decreases deviations in the body? Which is more common in the body?
BONUS (+100): What is an example of each type?
Positive (INCREASES): Blood vessel damage and clotting occurs, LH surge during ovulation, Uterine contractions during childbirth.
Negative (DECREASES) Body temp. decreases (sensor) > Nervous system consults setpoint and triggers effectors to contract skeletal muscle (Integration center) > Skeletal muscle contracts and we shiver (Effector) > Body Temperature increases (Response)
Negative Feedback Loop is most common.
How are Hydrogen Bonds formed?
BONUS (+50) What do they create in the process?
H forms polar bonds with another atom, it takes on a slight + charge > making it attracted to nearby - charged atoms.
What is surface tension?
What are the two stages of Gene Expression and where does it occur in the cell?
Bonus (+50): What enzyme is responsible for "unzipping" the DNA strand?
Transcription: (mRNA synthesis) occurs when DNA sequence in a gene is turned into a mRNA sequence. "Copy" Occurs within the nucleus of a cell.
Translation: (protein synthesis) occurs when mRNA sequence is used to make a protein. "Reads" Ribosomes attach when mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
BONUS: What is RNA polymerase?
What factors influence Carrier-mediated transport? Explain.
BONUS (+50): What is the term and abbreviation for when fully occupied to maximum?
What are, Specificity, Competition, and Saturation?
Specificity: for single molecule.
Competition: among substrates for transport.
Saturation: when all carries are occupied.
BONUS: Tm (Transport Maximum)
In a hypertonic solution red blood cells....
In a hypotonic solution red blood cells....
*Provide proper name of effect.
What is shrink, or Crenate?
What is burst, or Hemolysis?