Cells/Chemical Composition
What are the two types of reactions?
Exergonic; release more energy than they store
What are the functions of enzymes?
List 3 examples that were mentioned in the lectures.
Protein molecules Accelerate chemical reactions
ATPase
Creatine Kinase
Hexokinase
PFK
What is the starting molecule of the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Ingested nutrients enter the bloodstream from GI tract to provide energy for the body.
What is the main hormone involved?
Functions of glucagon?
Absorptive state
Insulin
Glycogen breakdown, lipolysis, protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis
Basic structural and functional units of an organism
Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
two or more atoms joined together
Composed of 2 or more types of tissues
Cell
Atom
Molecule
Organ
Where do we create translate proteins in the cell?
Ribsomes
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated: contains no double bonds and maximum hydrogens
Unsaturated: have at least one double bond and fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens
List the fates of pyruvate
Converted into Acetyl CoA: aerobic glycolysis
Converted into lactate: anaerobic glycolysis
What are the characteristics of anaerobic glycolysis?
insufficient O2
usage of Type II fibers
Highly intense Movements
Quick bursts of energy
How can we maintain our homeostasis?
fuel sources, removal of CO2, maintaining optimal temperature,
Explain the effects:
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
Unstable and destructive to nearby molecules (e.g., proteins, protein transporters); disrupts homeostasis
Highly specific; Characteristic three-dimensional shape that fits only its substrate(s); Very efficient
Catalyze reactions 100 million – 10 billion times faster
Process more that 10,000 substrate molecules in 1 second
Place the following steps of the cellular respiration of lipids in the correct order:
Where in the cell do these steps occur?
Lipolysis (Cytoplasm): glycerol and FA
B-Oxidation (Mito): breaking down a long-chain acyl-CoA molecule to acetyl-CoA molecules.
CAC (Mito)
ETC (Mito)
List the four types of tissue and functions:
Epithelial: Covers body surfaces, Lines hollow organs and ducts, Forms glands;
1) physical barrier for projection against harmful agents
2) secretes substances onto the body, organs, or blood
3) absorbs materials into bloodstream or lymph
Connective; contains ECM and cells;
Binds tissues together, Supports, Strengthens, Protects, and insulates internal organ, Major transport system within the body
Muscle; produces movement
Nervous: Detects and responds to changes in the body's external and internal environment
What are the 6 life processes and explain each?
Metabolism; Catabolism: the breakdown of complex chemical substances (lipids) into simpler components (triaclglycerides).
Anabolism: the formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
Responsiveness; ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental changes.
Movement; motion
Growth
Differentiation; protein function
Reproduction
Explain differences between transporters on plasma membrane:
Further, explain the plasma membrane functions:
Carrier (transporter): After binding with the molecule the protein changes shape, resulting in the transport of glucose across the membrane into the cell
Receptors serve as cellular recognition sites: Each type of receptor recognizes and is bound by a specific molecule (ligand)
Enzymes catalyze specific chemical reactions
1) anchor proteins (via linkers) in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell; enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize dangerous foreign cells (cell-identity markers)
Explain Enzyme Models:
Substrate: reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; binds to the active site
Lock and Key model: Specific binding sites for substrates’ “perfect fit”Ligands
Induced-fit model: Active site and substrate don't fit perfectly together; so shape is altered to connect.
What are the products of glycolysis?
Rate limiting enzyme?
2 NADH
2 ATP
PFK
List Cells in connective Tissue
Fibroblasts: most numerous; secrete fiber of EM
Macrophages: Engulf bacteria and cellular debris
Plasma Cells: Secrete antibodies
Mast Cells: Produce histamine, vasodilation
Adipocytes: Fat cells that store triglycerides
Explain the Feedback system
Receptor: Monitors change in a controlled variable and sends input to a control center (AP)
Control Center: Set point for variable
Receives input from the receptor and generates output (AP, Hormones)
Effector: Response or effect that changes the control variable
List types of organelles and functions:
Ribosomes; translates proteins; protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum: rough: Protein synthesis where they are chemically modified; Produces secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins. Smooth: lipid synthesis
Golgi complex: Further modifies proteins; packaging of materials for secretion from the cell
Mitochondria: Site of aerobic cell respiration- ATP production
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue
peroxisomes: helps metabolize amino acids and fatty acids
proteasomes: Site of the destruction of old or damaged proteins
Cytoskeleton: structure/stability of cell
Nucleus: houses DNA
What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
Products produced?
Make ATP by removing Hydrogen electrons from acetyl groups and attaching them to NADH and FADH to feed the ETC to make ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
2 CO2 : 1 SPIN of the cycle
What is the purpose of the ETC? What is the protein complex where we generate ATP?
NADH and FADH2 are energy-rich molecules, and when transferred to O2 (last electron acceptor), a large amount of that energy is liberated;
Electrons are transferred by cytochromes and ubiquinone proteins, and lose energy as they are passed down the chain; generates a protonmotive force; this force energizes ATP synthase (Complex V)
Part of this energy is captured to produce ATP and part is lost at heat
ATP-PCr; CK, Pi
Glycolysis; hexokinase, PFK
OXPHOS; protein transporters to carry electrons to generate a protonmotive force, enabling production of ATP via ATP synthase
List the 12 systems of the body; list functions for at least 6.
Nervous System; generates AP to regulate body activities
Muscular; produces body movements
Skeletal; supports and protects the body
Endocrine; regulates body activities by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular; pumps blood through blood vessels; carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
Immune; defends body against microbes
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Respiratory - transfers O2 from inhaled air to blood and removes CO2, maintains pH
Urinary
Digestive
Reproductive