Methods
The type of study needed to infer a causal relationship between two variables
Experimental study
Alex recently experience head trauma. When he is asked a question, he can form speech but cannot form a coherent sentence. When he is asked how he is feeling, he responds “ Happy like and or too sad I you is.. Too or angry”. What area of the brain was most likely impacted?
a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. Thalamus
d. Hippocampus
b. Wernicke’s area
The process by which sensory energy is transformed into a set of neural impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation
Transduction
During COVID, Duke staff members gave WU vouchers to students who were successfully social distancing during meal times. What is this an example of?
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Positive punishment
d. Negative punishment
a. Positive reinforcement
When asked to describe her favorite childhood memory, Allison is able to do so quickly. What type of memory is Allison recalling?
a. Episodic memory
b. Procedural memory
c. Flashbulb memory
d. Semantic memory
a. Episodic memory
Cornelius is designing a correlational study to assess the relationship between screen time during class and exam scores. Which of the following combinations of p-value/correlation coefficient would represent a significant negative correlation between these variables?
a. P- value = 0.95; R = 0.1
b. P-value = 0.04; R = -0.7
c. P-value = 0.95; R = -0.7
d. P-value = 0.04; R = 0.1
b. P-value = 0.04; R = -0.7
2. Which of the following drugs would be considered an agonist for serotonin?
a. Drug A reduces reuptake of serotonin.
b. Drug B inhibits synthesis of serotonin.
c. Drug C causes leakage of serotonin from vesicles.
d. Drug D blocks the receptor site for serotonin.
a. Drug A reduces reuptake of serotonin.
The minimum difference required between two stimuli for an observer to detect a difference half the time
Just-noticeable difference (or difference threshold)
The big Notre Dame vs. Duke football game is on Saturday… With so many people coming into town, Duke needs to make sure there are parking spots available in Blue Zone. They sent out an email stating if you fail to move your car from Blue Zone by 10am, your car will be towed. What is this an example of?
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Positive punishment
d. Negative punishment
d. Negative punishment
The type of memory in the multistore model of memory that has unlimited capacity and potentially unlimited duration
Long-Term Memory
The type of validity that answers the question: How well were variables operationalized?
Construct validity
If you were both hungry and sexually aroused, this part of the brain would be particularly active
Hypothalamus
The set of principles that describe ways that we perceive visual stimuli in organized patterns
Gestalt principles
The tune fork transitioned from a neutral stimulus to a _____ once Pavlov's dogs associated it with food time
Conditioned stimulus
The process that brings information from your long-term memory into your working (short-term) memory
Retrieval
The assumption that there is truly no relationship between variables in the population
If we were to slice the brain in this way, it would be impossible for one slice to include both hemispheres
Sagittal slice
This theory describes how you may see a yellow-tinted afterimage after staring at a blue image for too long
Opponent-process theory
Using her coffee card, Leo gets a free coffee with every 10th coffee he purchases. What reinforcement schedule is this following?
Fixed-ratio
A vivid memory for an emotionally significant event
Flashbulb memory
Pulling names out of a hat to select participants is an example of ____, while ____ is only used in experiments to assign participants to different levels of the independent variable.
random sampling; random assignment
Ion channels open, setting off a chain reaction leading to ___ of the neuron. If the charge of the neuron passes the voltage threshold, the charge of the neuron surges and it fires off an ____. After this process is complete, the membrane repolarizes and enters a temporary ____ period, in which it dips below the resting charge.
depolarization; action potential; refractory
The ___ stimulus is the 3-D real object in the world and the ___ stimulus is the 2-D projection of that image on the back of your retina
distal; proximal
A type of neurons involved in learning from observation that are also important for understanding others' actions and their underlying intentions
Mirror neurons
The two types of rehearsal systems in your working memory are: