Chapter 1
What are the 3 domains of life? How can you distinguish the two prokaryotic domains?
Bacteria (prokaryotic), Archea (prokaryotic, lives in extreme environments), and Eukarya.
What is an isotope?
An atom that has a different # of neutrons
What is the name of the following functional group?
R-OH
hydroxyl group
What are three things that plant cells have that animal cells do not?
2) chloroplasts
3) central vacuole
What does the term amphipathic mean?
A molecule has a polar and a non-polar region.
In this class, you must know that a phospholipid is amphipathic because it has a polar head and non-polar fatty-acid tails.
What are 3 characteristics that make something alive?
1) the ability to grow and reproduce
2) the ability to respond to its environment
3) metabolism (making and using energy)
1st Shell = 2
Second Shell = 8
How are polymers formed?
Dehydration synthesis
What are the four components of the cell theory?
1) all living organisms are made up of cells.
2) the cell is the fundamental unit of life.
3) all cells come from previously existing cells.
4) cells are defined by membranes.
What types of molecules move through the plasma membrane easily?
Small, non polar molecules
explain the steps from atoms to organisms (from simple ---> complex).
What are the names for positive and negative ions?
Cation = +
Anion = -
Which macromolecule always has a chemical formula of C6H12O6? What kind of bonds hold together the monomers of its polymers?
Carbohydrates, glycosidic bonds
Do prokaryotes have ribosomes?
If a blood cell contains a lot of glucose and a neighboring cell has low levels of glucose, the blood cell is ____ to the other cell.
Hypertonic
What is the central dogma of life?
DNA ---> RNA ---> protein
arrow 1) transcription
arrow 2) translation
Describe electronegativity. Which two elements have we discussed in class have a high electronegativity?
Electronegativity is when an atom really wants to have electrons.
Oxygen and Nitrogen have high electronegativities.
"NO" I won't share!
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)
What are the three main functions of the Golgi apparatus?
1) secretion
2) processing
3) protein sorting
True/False: the less Van der Waals attractions you have, the more rigid a membrane will be.
False, VDW forces are additive (more = stronger) and fewer interactions = less rigidity, more fluidity.
List the principles of Biology (there are 12)
1) cells are the simplest unit of life.
2) living organisms use energy
3) living organisms interact with their environment
4) Living organisms maintain homeostasis.
5) Genetic material is a blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop and reproduce.
6) Populations evolve from generation to generation and are related by evolutionary history.
7) Structure determines function!!!
8) New properties emerge form complex interactions.
9) Biology is an experimental science
10) Biology is quantitative (measurable)
11) Biologists use models and simulations to make predictions
12) Biology affects our society
3 (one for the oxygen, one for each hydrogen)
Describe the four levels of protein structure and the bonds responsible for each level.
Primary- the amino acid sequence (held together by peptide bonds).
Secondary- alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (formed by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone)
Tertiary- protein folding (held together by various interactions between R groups)
Quaternary- multi-subunit proteins, formed by many interactions (not all proteins have this)!!!!
What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER? What do they do?
Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.
Rough ER makes proteins
Smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies things (lots of SER in liver cells)!!!
What type of energy does primary active transport use? What about secondary active transport>
Secondary- the concentration gradient created by primary active transport.