cardiac 1
True/False: The End-Systolic Volume is per ventricle.
Bonus +50: Tell me what the value is!
True! 60 mL
True/False: Cardiac Output can be evaluated by using the formula: HR x SV.
True
True/False: Hydrophobic hormones utilize second messenger systems.
False, that's hydropphilic hormones.
True/False: Down-regulation is the process in which a cell increases its number of receptors for a hormone which increases its hormone sensitivity and response.
False, this is up-regulation.
True/False: RBCs contribute greatly to the viscosity of the blood.
Bonus +50: What is the measure of the percent blood volume composed of RBCs called?
True!
hematocrit
If LT ventricle CO>RT ventricle CO, what condition will result?
systemic edema
what does the P wave of an EKG represent?
atrial depolarization
Which hormone interaction results in an effect greater than their individual effects?
synergist
Which class of hormones is derived from tyrosine (mainly) and tryptophan (some)?
monoamines
Excess iron is stored in the liver as what?
ferritin
List 4 positive chronotropic agents!
Bonus +50: tell me how each works
nicotine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, hypocalcemia
If atherosclerotic deposits were to form in the artery, what would this do to blood pressure?
The fatty deposits would increase blood pressure due to smaller space for blood to flow.
How would low or no dietary iodine intake affect the thyroid function? What would it result in?
The thyroid gland has to work harder to synthesize TH, so it swell and results in an endemic goiter
What are the 3 classic signs of diabetes mellitus?
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
What are the 3 parts of hemostasis?
vascular spams, platelet plug, and coagulation (clotting)
List the structures in the conduction pathway that allow the heart to contract.
SA node, AV node, AV bundles, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
List the 3 heart sounds and what they represent!
S1: Closing of AV valves
S2: Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
S3: Ventricular refilling
List the 2 types of diabetes mellitus, and tell me the difference between the 2.
Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed at a young age due to loss of beta cells of pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed later in life due to insulin resistance as result of obesity.
List the the main secretions of the pancreatic islets and the effects they have.
Glucagon from alpha cells raises blood sugar level between meals.
Insulin from beta cells lowers blood sugar level during and immediately after a meal.
When RBCs die and break down, what happens to the hemoglobin?
It's broken down into heme and globin. The heme is excreted, and the globin is broken down in to amino acids that can be reused.
To temporarily treat tachycardia and restore the normal resting sinus rhythm, a provider may massage a patient's carotid artery near the angle of the mandible. Propose a mechanism by which this treatment would have the desired effect.
Massaging the carotid artery at this point compresses the baroreceptors located here and results in inhibitory (Vagal) signals to the heart that reduces the heart rate.
Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension. It selectively blocks slow calcium channels. Would you expect to have a positive or negative inotropic effect?
Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect because it reduces calcium inflow into the cardiac muscle cells, and with less calcium, there is less myosin-actin cross-bridging and a weaker contraction of the myocardium.
Explain the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones. include how they travel in the bloodstream and their receptors. give examples of each!
hydrophilic: freely, actively travel in the bloodstream, utilize surface receptors and second messenger systems; ex: monoamines and peptides
hydrophobic: binds to transport protein to move through the blood stream, able to get through the lipid bilayer, so receptors are on nucleus; ex: steroids and TH
List 2 examples of each class of hormones.
Monoamines: dopamine, epi, melatonin, TH, norepi
Steroids: cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone
Peptides: calcitonin, insulin, leptin, glucagon, PTH,
What is the difference between coagulation and agglutination?
Agglutination: means clumping of RBCs together due to antigen-antibody reaction
Coagulation: also known as clotting, is a process forming a blood clot to stop bleeding. It potentially results in hemostasis