basic concepts of pathophysiology
what does syndrome mean?
What is the method of alteration in the Philadelphia chromosome?
translocation
pH: 7.29
PCO2: 37
HCO3: 20
What is this?
metabolic acidosis
slow growing
encapsulated
non-metastasizing
T0 N0 M0
benign tumor
Example of inherited disease
sickle cell disease
Mrs. Jones just had a c section and is now the mother to a healthy baby girl. A few hours later, she started the hemorrhage and needed to go back to surgery for an immediate correction. What does hemorrhage mean?
escape of blood from the intravascular space
TO BLEED
A mother was prescribed thalidomide to treat her violent morning sickness during the first trimester. Once she gave birth, the staff noticed the baby has an abnormal defect on their right arm and leg. Why would this happen?
thalidomide is considered a teratogen. This means it can congenital defects on growing fetuses.
a 12-year-old female just got diagnosed with Type 1 DM. She asks you "Why can't I seem to gain any weight?" What should you say?
Since you don't have insulin, your body can't absorb any glucose that you eat. BUT your body needs glucose so it used gluconeogenesis to get the sugars that it needs to keep going.
(creating glucose from something other than carbs)
what are the 5 types of free radicals?
DOUBLE POINTS: tell me what the body creates to defuse these.
1. simple aging
2. environmental pollutants
3. certain drug & alcohol abuse
4. various types of radiation damage, (too much sun)
5. certain foods (high preservatives and charred meat)
** superoxide dismutase
Caused by angiogenesis.
S&S: anorexia, early satiety, WL, weakness, altered cellular metabolism.
What is cachexia?
Your patients labs read...
* 7.54 pH, PCO2: 37, and HCO3: 32
What is this an example of?
metabolic alkalosis
After the accident at Chernobyl, the soil was considered contaminated. Why would they not let people use the soil?
it could create oncogenes and yield a multifactorial genetic disorder.
Your patient is presenting with hypokalemia and hypercalcemia. They have bradycardia, express they feel fatigued, and are taking longer than normal to answer your admission questions. What is most likely happening?
hyperpolarization
Your patient has developed a malignant tumor stemming from their liver into their gallbladder. They are complaining that they are feeling tired but nothing really has changed. What happens to the tumor that diverts nutrients from normal cells to the tumor?
angiogenesis
Your patient comes in with DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis). What is this patient's underlying condition is causing this?
Type 1 DM
A 35 y/old male stumbles into the ER complaining of chest pains. Patient weighs 300 lbs and is 5'9". He smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day, drinks 3 6-packs a night, and works on Wall Street. His father died of an MI 2 years ago and his mother has struggled with addiction.
What are the defining characteristics that might have caused his MI be called?
DOUBLE POINTS: if you tell me which ones are modifiable.
risk factors
MODIFIABLE: Things that he can change.
* cigarette and alcohol consumption
* weight
* high-stress job
One parent is heterozygous for PKD and the other doesn't. They have been wanting to start a family for a while but are extremely worried they are going to pass this down to their child. What is the likelihood their child gets PKD?
50% because this is an autosomal dominant disorder.
A 21 year old college student comes to the ER after being found 3 days post car accident. They have sunken eyes, poor skin tugor, oliguria, 90/61 BP, confusion, and restlessness. What is the problem and how should we fix it?
dehydration
0.45% NaCl solution
A patient of yours is in desperate need of a liver transplant. Turns out, their sibling is a perfect match. BUT the sibling keeps saying "I can't give you my liver, I need it. I only get one. Why would I give it to you because I would then need one." Why is this not true?
The liver regenerates a portion that is missing using hyperplasia.
(increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division)
0.9% NaCl is what type of solution?
TRIPLE POINTS FOR NAMING THE OTHER 2 & THEIR TYPE OF SOLUTION.
ISOTONIC
0.45% NaCl - hypotonic
3% NaCl - hypertonic
Your patient, that has lung cancer, that you have been treating for the past 3 years has just gone into remission. When you give them the news, they say "wait, what is remission?". What do you tell them?
it means that your cancer is gone. There is a possibility that it will come back but for now you are cancer free.
Your patient comes in and is complaining of SOB, weakness, fatigue, and joint pain. What is something you are going to ask when taking a family history?
do either of your parents have sickle cell anemia or are they carriers?
A 35 y/old male stumbles into the ER complaining of chest pains. Patient weighs 300 lbs and is 5'9". He smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day, drinks 3 6-packs a night, and works on Wall Street. His father died of an MI 2 years ago and his mother has struggled with addiction. What is something this patient is at RISK for?
thiamine and iron deficiencies
Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy means there is an abnormal growth in the heart that is causing problems/blocking important functions of the heart. What is happening to the cells?
THEY ARE GETTING BIGGER!
(There isn't more cells but they are getting bigger.)
Your 89 y/old patient came in saying, "I am supposed to take my calcium pills but I think I took the wrong thing." You found out that this patient took 20 calcium tablets. What are they going to be experiencing?
DOUBLE POINTS: S&S included
hyperpolarization
lethargic
mental slowness
bradycardia