Axial Skeleton
The vertebral column protects this major structure.
Spinal Cord
Skeletal muscle is under what type of control?
Voluntary
Nerves that carry motor commands away from the CNS.
Efferent neurons
The trachea splits into two _____ _________.
main bronchi
This valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular)
What are the two main parts of a intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
True or False: The Multifidus muscle is a deep layer epaxial muscle.
True
The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of which neurons?
Sensory neurons
The diaphragm separates these two major body cavities.
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
Is blood in the pulmonary veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
What is the feature unique to cervical vertebrae that allows vertebral arteries to pass?
transverse foramen
Name the 3 muscles in the erector spinae group from most medial to most lateral.
Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis
Is the following nerve pathway correct?
Somatomotor innervation to the spinalis muscle:
Ventral horn --> ventral root --> spinal nerve --> ventral rami --> spinalis muscle
No, it would pass through dorsal rami because spinalis is an epaxial muscle.
The trachea is reinforced by these structures that keep it open.
Tracheal rings (hyaline cartilage)
This structure is the pacemaker of the heart.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Extreme and abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae results in what condition?
Hyper-Kyphosis
The intercostal muscles that elevate the ribs during inspiration.
External intercostal muscles
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located where?
Wall of effector organ
What is the main function of the alveoli?
- Gas exchange in the lungs (O2 --- Co2)
Name the structures located in the mediastinum. (be specific)
–Heart and great vessels
–Esophagus
–Trachea and primary bronchi
The articulation between ribs and vertebrae is classified as what kind of joint?
Synovial (gliding) joint
The diaphragm is innervated by this nerve.
Phrenic Nerve
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate where in the spinal cord? (Be specific)
Lateral gray horn of T1–L2
Describe the route inhaled air takes from the trachea until it reaches the alveoli of the lungs.
Trachea --- Main bronchi --- Lobar bronchi --- Segmental bronchi --- bronchioles --- alveoli
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart, starting at the right atrium and ending at the aorta.
Right atrium -- tricuspid valve -- right ventricle -- pulmonary semilunar valve -- pulmonary trunk -- pulmonary arteries -- lungs -- pulmonary veins -- left atrium -- bicuspid valve -- left ventricle -- aortic semilunar valve -- aorta