Axial Skeleton
Which two structures make up the vertebral arch?
lamina and pedicle
Skeletal muscle is under what type of control?
Voluntary
Nerves that carry motor commands away from the CNS.
Efferent neurons
The diaphragm separates these two major body cavities.
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
This valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular)
What are the two main parts of a intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
True or False: the rectus abdominis muscle's insertion is above its origin.
True
The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of which neurons?
Sensory neurons
True or False: the lungs are segmental, meaning they are derived from somites.
False: all of respiratory system is non-segmental
Is blood in the pulmonary veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
What is the feature unique to cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramen
Name the 3 muscles in the erector spinae group from most medial to most lateral.
Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis
Is the following nerve pathway correct?
Somatomotor innervation to the spinalis muscle:
Ventral horn --> ventral root --> spinal nerve --> ventral rami --> spinalis muscle
No, it would pass through dorsal rami because spinalis is an epaxial muscle.
What is the name of the inner serous layer that directly covers the lungs?
visceral pleura
Which vessels provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself? Which drain the blood from it?
Coronary arteries; cardiac veins
Extreme and abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae results in what condition?
Hyper-Kyphosis
The diaphragm is innervated by this nerve.
Phrenic Nerve (C3,4,5)
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located where?
Wall of effector organ
Which part of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebra?
Tubercle of rib
Name the structures located in the mediastinum. (be specific)
–Heart and great vessels
–Esophagus
–Trachea and primary bronchi
Which ligament lies behind the vertebral body but anterior to the spinal cord?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?
elevate the ribs during inspiration.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate where in the spinal cord? (Be specific)
Lateral gray horn of T1–L2
When inspiration occurs the lung volume __________, the pressure inside of the lungs ____________, and the diaphragm moves ____________.
increases; decreases; downward
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart, starting at the right atrium and ending at the aorta.
Right atrium -- tricuspid valve -- right ventricle -- pulmonary semilunar valve -- pulmonary trunk -- pulmonary arteries -- lungs -- pulmonary veins -- left atrium -- bicuspid valve -- left ventricle -- aortic semilunar valve -- aorta