The Cell
Which surface area to volume ration would be more efficient at absorbing nutrients and releasing cellular products: small or large ratio?
Larger ratio is more efficient, there is more surface area to get things in/out of the cell faster!
How many protons does an Nitrogen (N)atom have?
7
What macromolecule has 5 carbons?
Nucleic Acids
What molecules are highly permeable to cell membrane? Low permeability?
Highly permeable: small, nonpolar
EX. O2, CO2, N2
Low Permeability:large, polar
Ex. Glucose C6H12O6
In order to make a phospholipid bilayer less fluid, and therefore less permeable, you could make the tails...
Saturated
All cells have what four features?
1. Plasma/cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm/ cytosol
3. Ribosomes
4. DNA
If I am an atom, and I lose an electron, what am I?
Cation
Ex. Na+
A monomers are... and a polymers are...
Give an example of each from the 4 macromolecules
Polymers (many) are made by bonding many monomers (single)
Think bread (monomer) or a bracelet (polymer)
Nucleic Acid: Nucleotides/ Nucleic Acids
Carbs: Monosaccaride/ polysacchride
Proteins: animo acids/ polypeptide
Lipids: Fatty acids/ trigylcerides
Transport of water across a semipermable membrane is ___
osmosis
Explain the difference between primary and secondary Active Transport.
Primary:Requires energy, moves molecules from low> high and ATP is used to pump these against the gradient
Secondary: Requires energy, but ATP is NOT directly used. Use of ion gradient in primary to pull molecules against the gradient.
Difference between Nucleus, Nucleolus, and Nucleoid region.
Nucleus: 2 membranes, Eukaryotic, stores genetic info.
Nucleolus: no membrane, Eukaryotic, ribosome assembly
Nucleoid Region: No membrane, Prokaryotic, where DNA s kept
If a substance does NOT dissolve in water, what bond types would it mostly have?
Nonpolar: equal sharing of electrons and hydrophobic
Can not make H-bonds b/c there are NO CHARGES.
To MAKE a bond a cell will _____ a water molecule in a process called____.
What is the reverse process.
remove, Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis will add a water molecule to BREAK a bond
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated=help
Big, polar, and charged molecules use this method.
____ is bulk movement of material IN
____ is bulk movement OUT
Endocytosis (Active Transport)
Exocytosis
Looking at a cell you see a nucleoid region, pili, flagella, glycocalyx, and is small. What cell is this most likely?
Prokaryotic
If electronegativity of 2 bonded atoms are similiar... if they are different...
Give examples of each
Similar EN= nonpolar
EX. C-H
Different EN= polar
EX. O-H
Which macromolecule can enter the phospholipid membrane freely?
NONE.
Macromolecules are large and charged which means no permeability.
When a cell is placed in a solution, you notice that the cell starts to expand. This means the solution must be...
Hypotonic solution!
Water is moving out of the cell, into the solution. This means the solution is___.
Hypertonic
Remember water moves from high to low concentrations towards higher solute areas.
Eukaryotic cell features and their functions
- Largest Cells
- Membrane bound organelles
- Uni/multicellular
Mitochondria:Double membrane organelle functions to synthesize ATP.
Peroxisomes: 1 membrane, detoxification of harmful things.
Vacuoles: 1 membrane, storage of water and cell volume
Smooth ER:1 membrane, Process lipids and detox
Rough ER: 1 membrane, studded with ribosomes, make/processes proteins
Golgi Apparatus:Processing/ shipping of molecules (lipids and proteins)
Cell wall: no membrane, rigid structure
Chloroplasts: double membrane, make sugars via photosyn.
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
Nucleus: 2 membranes, stores genetic info
Nucleolus: ribosome assembly
____ has C-C single bonds and has a linear structure
____ has some C=C double bonds and has a kinked structure
Saturated fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
lots of saturated, long tails with many cholesterols makes the phospholipid membrane....
LESS permeable and fluid
True/false: A phospholipid has nonpolar heads and polar tails.
False!
It has a Polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails.