Intro to A+P
Describe and demonstrate Anatomical position, supine, and prone (must get all 3 correct)
describe: coronal, sagittal, transverse
Anatomical position: Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
supine: lying face upward
prone:lying face down
front,back - left,right - top,bottom
-Describe general difference between
nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic
-what determines type?
-define cations vs anions
-equal sharing
-unequal sharing
-electron transfer
-electronegativity
-cation (positive), anion (negative)
Name two 6 carbon sugar monossacharides?
what kind of reaction creates a dissaccharide?
Name 2 dissaccharides:
glucose, fructose, galactose
dehydration, synthesis
sucrose, lactose, maltose
What is dispersed among the phospholipid bilayer that determines the fluid nature of the membrane:
Cholesterol
Synthesis:
-goal, collective term, involving water called
Decomposition:
-goal, collective term, involving water called
combine, anabolism, dehydration
break down, catalbolism, hydrolysis
define these 5 terms:
-patellar, buccal, otic, digital, and antecubital
-knee, cheek, ear, fingers/toes, and frontal elbow
Describe a similarity and a difference between intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds:
Describe what molecules the hydrogen is attracted to:
Intermolecular forces are forces between all molecules, not bonds
Hydrogen bonds is attraction of hydrogen bonds to O, N, F
What are the three main subgroups of lipids?
Describe main function of each:
Describe saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids:
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
-protection, insulation, energy source
-component of cell membrane
-cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
-rigid, flexible
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm? what is the portion for shape?
What is the site of Protein synthesis in the cell:
What is the part of the cell where ribosomes are attached?
Lysosomes, peroxisomes, and proteasomes all involve:
-cytosol, cytoskeleton
-ribosomes
-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Digestion/breakdown within a cell
From most complex to simple, describe the 6 organizations of the body:
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical
Describe Set point and stimulus.
Describe the steps of negative feedback in order with what the steps do:
Give an example:
stimulus/deviation away from setpoint
receptor: monitors variable
control center: evaluates value and compares to set point
effector: responds
return to setpoint
Describe an electrolyte and give an example:
Differentiate suspension, colloid, and solution:
-dissociation of cations and anions in water, conduct an electrical current
-suspension:separate until stirred
-colloid: dispersed tiny particles
-solution: components dissolve and are uniformly distributed
What structures of protein are functional:
describe the 4 structures:
tertiary and quaternary
notes:
What are the 3 stages of interphase and the 4(5) stages of mitosis?
Describe the difference between a centromere and a centriole?
-g, s, g2----(p)PMAT
Centromere holds sister chromatids together
Centrioles organize spindle fibers in mitosis
Define a polysaccharide and its purpose:
Name the 3 forms of polysaccharides and describe each:
-long chain of many monosaccharides for storage
glycogen: storage of carbs for animals
starch: storage of carbs for plants
Cellulose: fiber/ bulk of plant structure
What quadrant are these organs primarily in:
liver
appendix
stomach
gallbladder
right upper,
right lower,
left upper
right upper
Which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor?
What is achieved by a buffer?
0-14, what is considered acidic, basic, and neutral?
-acid-donor, base-acceptor
-resists ph change
-7 neutral. lower-acidic, higher-basic
Describe or draw the synthesis reaction that is the basis for building proteins:
2 amino acids
dehydration(synthesis)
peptide bond and H2O
Describe 3 methods of Passive Transport:
Describe 3 methods of Active Transport:
-diffusion, facillitated diffusion, osmosis
-primary, secondary, vestibular transport
-Describe and draw the characteristics of the cell membrane
-polar hydrophilic vs nonpolar hydrophobic part
-phospholipid bilayer
O==O
-phosphate head, lipid tail
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What are the three main serous membranes?
What is the space called in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity?
Inner wall and outer wall of serous membrane called
-The diaphragm
-pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
-retroperitoneum
-inner wall, visceral - outer wall, parietal
ATP synthesis creates ____ potential energy.
Enzymes are ____ catalysts that...
what are 2 factors (other than enzymes) that can increase the rate of a reaction
What is a cofactor
-more
-protein
-decrease activation energy
-concentration, temperature
-make nonfunctional enzymes functional
-what is a nucleotide?
-Describe the 3 components of a nucleotides
What are the bases? Pair them up:
basic component of nucleic acids
-5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, a phosphate
-A,T,G,C,U
A+T, G+C, RNA: A-U
What are the 3 different types of endocytosis?
Differentiate the 3 types of Endocytosis
Receptor mediated
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
What are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion:
List 3 types for each
-carrier: uniporter, symporter, antiporter
-channel: leak-ion channel, gated ion channels (ligand gated and voltage gated)