Essential Molecules
What type of bond is a C-H bond?
Non-polar covalent bond
Which 4 Molecules Make Up a Fat?
One glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
______ permeability describes the ability of a membrane to control what enters the cell.
Selective
How do small, nonpolar molecules pass a concentration gradient?
Simple Diffusion
This macromolecule is made from amino acids.
Proteins
Which is more electronegative? An atom with 4/8 or 5/8 electrons in its outer shell?
5/8 electrons
If a drop of oil was placed in a cup of water, which way would a phospholipid orient itself?
Hydrophobic tails touching oil, hydrophilic heads touching water
What type of transport does not require energy?
Facilitated or simple/ passive diffusion
In which direction do molecules diffuse?
From areas of high to low concentration
All large, biologically important molecules are based on what?
Carbon
Explain how carbon and oxygen differ in how they share electrons?
Oxygen is more electronegative and will hog electrons to create polar covalent bonds.
Why do saturated fats contain more energy than unsaturated fats?
they have more C-H bonds
Cholesterol decreases membrane fluidity at ____ temperatures and increases fluidity at ____ temperatures
Higher; lower
What is required in order to create a concentration gradient?
ATP
Give an example of a molecule that can diffuse through a lipid bilayer?
O2, CH4, (or any small hydrophobic gas or molecule)
Explain the x-1 formula for predicting the number of water molecules needed for hydrolysis.
When breaking down a polymer through hydrolysis, each bond between monomers requires one molecule to break it.
Name the 3 components of a Phospholipid, indicating if the components are polar or non polar?
Polar phosphate group, 2 Non-polar fatty acid tails, glycerol backbone
Which type of fatty acid tails in membrane phospholipids are most beneficial for organisms located in cold environments?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Where is calcium stored before muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
If there is a higher concentration of negatively charged particles outside a cell compared to inside, what type of transport is required for particles to move from outside to inside the cell?
Facilitated diffusion
Describe the molecular forces that allow NaCl to dissolve in a hydrophilic compound such as water, but not a hydrophobic compound such as oil.
Hydrophilic compounds such as water are able to dissolve because they have an electrical charge, allowing compounds to interact with the charged Na and Cl ions.
Hydrophobic compounds are non-polar and CANNOT dissolve as there are not enough electrical charges.
Rank these three fatty acids from highest to lowest stored energy: monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, saturated fats. Explain your reasoning.
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturates
Saturated fats contain more C-H bonds which break down to release energy easier than C-C bonds, which are found in unsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats have more C-C bonds and less C-H bonds than monounsaturated fats, so polyunsaturated fats stores the least amount of energy.
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol in the bloodstream and is associated with heart disease?
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
Explain why facilitated diffusion is used to transport calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) to cytosol
Because active transport has created a gradient with a higher concentration of calcium inside the SR. When calcium channels open, calcium flows into cytosol
When two glucose monomers with the Chemical formula C6H12O6 are synthesized to form a disaccharide, what is the resulting chemical equation of the disaccharide?
C12H22O11