Intro to American Government
This English philosopher defined natural rights as the right to life, liberty, and property
John Locke
This federalism refers to the use of federal power to compel state and local governments to implement national policies and programs, often through the threat of withholding funding or imposing penalties
Coercive Federalism (ex. national drinking age)
This called for counting of all a state’s free population and 60 percent of its enslaved population for both federal taxation and representation in Congress
Three-Fifths Compromise
Powers only given to the states and denied to the federal government
Reserved Powers
Those who did not support ratification of the Constitution
Anti-federalists
Totalitarianism, representative democracy, oligarchy, monarchy, democracy, direct democracy are all examples of what?
Forms of government
A style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes - transfer powers to states
New federalism/Devolution
This plan called for a two-house legislature based on population
Virginia Plan
Found in Article IV, Section 2, prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing courts systems are examples of what?
Concurrent Powers
Capitalism vs Socialism
People should be able to acquire property in any way they wished, operate as they wish and keep the proceeds of their work; government usually owns utilities, transportation systems, and telecommunications systems
This style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems
Marble cake or Cooperative federalism
This plan called for a one-house national legislature; each state would receive one vote
New Jersey Plan
Found in Article IV, Section 1, requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states
Full Faith and Credit Clause
The power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs are all examples of what?
Enumerated Powers
Social Contract
An agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be governed so long as the government protects their natural rights
This style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction
Layer-cake or Dual federalism
Problems of the Articles of Confederation
Weak central government, Most decisions made in state legislatures, No power to levy taxes, Could regulate commerce, but no way to enforce payment, No chief executive, No judicial system, Required unanimous approval of states to amend
The statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures
Supremacy Clause
This form of federalism focuses on the relationships
between the states.
Horizontal Federalism
Common goods vs Public goods vs Private goods
goods that all people may use but that are of limited supply; goods provided by government that anyone can use and that are available to all without charge; goods provided by private businesses that can be used only by those who pay for them
This model assumes a vertical distribution of power in the federal system with the federal government on top, states in the middle, and localities on the bottom. Program specialists have more regular contact with state and federal specialists in the same field than they do with those from other specialities.
Picket-Fence Federalism
Great Compromise
Created a two-house Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate
Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities
Implied Powers/Elastic Clause
This form of federalism refers to the rivalry among governments and jurisdictions in a federal political system, whereby each government attempts to obtain some scarce benefit or resource or to avoid a certain cost.
Competitive Federalism