Introduction
What special name is given to the plane of left right symmetry?
Midsagittal plane
What distinguishes an anion from a cation?
An anion gains an electron (negative charge) while a cation loses an electron (positive charge)
Why are viruses considered non-living?
They cannot reproduce, grow, or eat.
What is the function of enzymes? How do temperature and pH influence the effectiveness of enzymes?
1. speeding up chemical reactions
2. change an enzymes 3D shape
What distinguishes (+) and (-) feedback loops? Which one is used in maintaining homeostasis and why?
1. (+) increase change while (-) opposes change
2. (-) because they bring us back to equilibrium
What distinguishes condensation reactions from hydrolysis? Which is anabolic and catabolic?
1. Condensation builds molecules by removing water while Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water.
2. Condensation is anabolic and Hydrolysis is catabolic
What distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic don't have a nucleus and have few organelles while Eukaryotes do
Is hydrolysis of ATP endergonic or exergonic? How do you know
Exergonic reaction because it releases energy indicated by a negative free energy change
What is homeostasis? How does the term "allostasis" modify this idea?
1. Automatic process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
2. In a diseased state, body needs to go through this process to maintain homeostasis; ex fever
What makes phospholipids amphipathic?
Contains hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
2 examples of diseases directly caused by prokaryotic organisms and 2 directly caused by eukaryotic organisms
Prokaryotic ; Tuberculosis and Cholera
Eukaryotic ; Malaria and Candidiasis (yeast infection)
What is the ATP yield from one molecule of glucose put through glycolysis alone? Glycolysis + fermentation? Glycolysis+ TCA+ Electron transport?
Glycolysis Alone ; 2 ATP
Glycolysis + fermentation ; 2 ATP
Glycolysis + TCA + Electron transport ; 30-32 ATP
What substances can diffuse readily across the phospholipid bilayer? What substances can never diffuse readily across without help from carrier or channel proteins?
1. small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. large, polar, charged molecules like ions glucose or water
What is lactic acid? Why is it produced in our bodies?
1. Substance produced when body converts carbohydrates to energy (exercise)
2. When your cells need energy but there is not enough oxygen available
Relative to a red blood cell, would seawater be considered hypertonic or hypotonic? What would happen to the shape of a red blood cell immersed in seawater?
1. hypertonic
2. red blood cell would shrink