Chapter 1
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology? Give an example of each.
Anatomy = study of structure.
Physiology = study of how structures function.
(Ex: Heart muscle = anatomy; pumping blood = physiology)
What are the 11 body systems and their functions?
Integumentary – protection, regulates temp.
Skeletal – support, movement.
Muscular – movement, heat.
Nervous – control, regulation.
Endocrine – hormones.
Cardiovascular – transport blood.
Lymphatic/immune – defense.
Respiratory – gas exchange.
Digestive – breakdown food.
Urinary – eliminate waste.
Reproductive – produce gametes .
MURDERLINCS
What is the difference between acid and bases?
Difference between acids and bases;(possible answers)
Acid = proton donor, more H⁺ ions, pH < 7.
Base = proton acceptor, fewer H⁺ ions, pH > 7.
Human body: ~7.3–7.45
What is an ion? What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
Ion = atom that gains or loses electrons → charged particle.
Cation = positive (lost e⁻).
Anion = negative (gained e⁻) .
What is a catalyst and why are they important?
They are enzymes that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Activation energy = collision needed to start reaction.
Factors: concentration, temperature
What is the body's organization from SIMPLE to most complex? Give examples of each
Body organization (simple → complex)
Chemical → atoms & molecules
Cellular → basic units of life
Tissue → groups of cells
Organ → different tissues working together
System → related organs
Organismal → living individual
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? Must give an example of both.
Negative feedback = reverses change (e.g., blood pressure).
Positive feedback = reinforces change (e.g., childbirth) .
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Difference between covalent and ionic bonds
Ionic = transfer of electrons, attraction of opposite charges.
Covalent = sharing of electrons (can be polar or nonpolar).
What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?
Atomic number = protons.
Mass number = protons + neutrons.
Atomic weight = average mass of isotopes
What is the structure & role of carbs, proteins, fats?
Carbohydrates: sugars, glycogen, starches; main source of energy .
Proteins: structure, enzymes, muscle contraction, transport .
Fats (lipids): energy storage, insulation, cell membranes .
State each way the various body planes split up the body.
Frontal/coronal = front vs. back.
Sagittal = left vs. right (midsagittal = equal halves).
Transverse = top vs. bottom .
What are the characteristics of living organisms? (the 6 basic life processes)
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
What does the buffer system do?
Helps regulate pH by converting strong acids/bases into weak ones .
What are some properties/roles of water?
(Possible Answers)
Solvent, medium for reactions.
High heat capacity & vaporization.
Provides lubrication & reduces friction
What is the main difference between organic vs inorganic compounds?
Inorganic: usually lack carbon, simple, e.g., water, salts.
Organic: always have carbon + covalent bonds, e.g., carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What are the components of a feedback loop and what does each of them do?
Components:
Receptor (monitors change)
Control center (brain evaluates & decides response)
Effector (carries out response)
What is the difference between a disorder and a disease?
How are signs and symptoms different?
Disorder = abnormal structure/function.
Disease = illness with signs/symptoms.
Signs = objective (rash, fever).
Symptoms = subjective (pain, fatigue)
Molecular formula = number & types of atoms (e.g., H₂O).
Structural formula = arrangement of atoms & bonds .
What are the three types of energy?
Potential = stored.
Kinetic = movement.
Chemical = stored in molecules
Exergonic = release energy (cell respiration).
Endergonic = absorb energy (Na⁺/K⁺ pump).
Give the definition of metabolism, and mention the difference between catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism = all chemical reactions in body.
Catabolism = breakdown, release energy.
Anabolism = build up, requires energy .
Have your group leader stand up and use the following directional terms in sentences (Ex: my fingers are distal to my elbow)
Proximal, inferior, posterior, lateral, anterior, medial
Use them correctly
What are the 5 chemical reactions and general definition?
Synthesis (anabolism) = build up.
Decomposition (catabolism) = breakdown.
Exchange = swap components.
Reversible = products ↔ reactants.
Oxidation-reduction = transfer of electrons
Basic structure of carbs, proteins, fats, DNA, RNA
(What are they each made of?)
Carbs: C, H, O; H:O ~ 2:1.
Proteins: chains of amino acids, peptide bonds.
Fats: triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids.
DNA: genetic code; nucleotides = base, sugar, phosphate.
RNA: guides protein synthesis
What is a Free Radical? What are some sources that activate them? What is known to "deactivate" them?
Atom/molecule with unpaired e⁻; unstable & damages cells.
Sources: UV, smoke, pollution.
Antioxidants deactivate them