Neuro (Dr P stuff)
What is the threshold for an Action Potential to occur, and what ion flows in?
Threshold is -55, and Na+ flows in through the voltage-gated Na+ channels
Which cranial nerve is located in the limbic system?
Olfactory CN I
When the cervical facets at C2/3 to T2/3 perform side bending, what happens?
slide down and back on the right, and up and forward on the left
What is the main motor pathway, and where does it cross?
Lateral corticospinal tract (LCST)
and it crosses at Pyramidal Decussation
Internal rotation, external rotation, supination, pronation, rotation all occur in what plane?
Transverse Plane
Which of these neurotransmitters is NOT excitatory?
Glutamate
Acetylcholine
GABA
GABA is inhibitory!
oculomotor nerve
- elevates both eyelids
- constricts pupils (should be consensual)
At the atlanto-occipital joint, when flexion occurs, what happens to the occiput?
The occiput rolls forward and glides posteriorly during this movement.
What is the action of the other motor pathways?
Head/eye control; balance, trunk and posture control, upright tone,
SUBCONSCIOUS
Rubrospinal, anteromedial CST, Vestibulospinal, tectospinal
Which ligaments prevent excessive flexion?
o Supraspinous ligament
o Interspinous ligaments
o Ligamentum Flavum
o Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
What are the 3 main stages of embryonic development?
Neural Plate, Neural Groove, Neural Tube (Association Plate, Motor Plate)
What are the cranial nerves (CN 5, 6, 7, 8) of the pons supplied by?
SCA, Basilar, AICA
In the mid-thoracic region (T3/4–T11/12), during right rotation, what happens?
The right facet gaps while the left facet compresses
1. Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal (DCML) pathway coming from my UE would pass through which nucleus after crossing over in the medulla?
2. What would it be if it were before the crossover?
1. Cuneatus Nucleus
2. Fasciculus Cuneatus (arm)
3 neurons: DRG, Medulla, VPL thalamus
Which muscles are extrinsic and intermediate?
o Serratus Posterior Superior
o Serratus Posterior inferior
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, the influx of this ion through voltage-gated channels triggers synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Which cranial nerve action is sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal CN 9
- sensation of TASTE to posterior 1/3
-sensory and motor
What is the motion of right rotation at the AA joint?
The right facet moves back while the left facet moves forward
1. If I feel a crude touch on my foot, which sensory pathway would be used?
2. Where does it cross?
1. Anterior lateral spino thalamic (ALST)
2. Anterior commissure
3 neurons: DRG, Dorsal Horn, Thalamus
Which muscles are deep and intrinsic?
o Deep: Semispinalis, multifidus, Rotatores
During muscle contraction, the sliding filament mechanism shortens these two regions of the sarcomere, while the A band remains unchanged in length.
I band and the H zone
The middle cerebral artery superior division supplies what?
Face, arm, hand, and brocas
In the lumbar spine (L1/2–L5/S1), what happens when flexion occurs?
Both facets slide up during this sagittal plane movement, opposite of what happens during extension.
Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting fluttering or stroking stimuli during two-point discrimination of touch?”
Meissner's corpuscles
What is the action of the Temporalis
Mandible elevation, retraction, and ipsilateral deviation (side to side)