Macromolecules
How does polymerization occur?
Through dehydration reactions (loss of water).
How many bonds can carbon form?
4 covalent bonds
T/F: Cells are the basic building block of life
True!
What's the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
I couldn't think of another question. Enjoy free points!
:)
T/F Lipids are not truly considered polymers.
True! Lipids do not polymerize.
Why is water polar?
Due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen (oxygen is more electronegative).
What organelle is responsible for protein modification and sorting?
Golgi Apparatus
DNA strands are parallel/antiparallel and are synthesized 5'-3'/3'-5'
DNA strands are antiparallel and are synthesized 5'-3'.
T/F: hydrogen bonding occurs within a single molecule of water
What some differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.
DNA contains Thymine, RNA has uracil.
DNA is double-stranded, RNA is usually single stranded (but can be double stranded)
What is the difference between a non polar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bond?
Nonpolar covalent: equal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent: unequal sharing of electrons
Ionic: no sharing of electrons (the more electronegative atom takes the electron completely away from the other atom)
What do all cells contain?
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes
What are the major components of a nucleotide?
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
What is the difference between the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?
Prokaryotic DNA is circular and is not contained in a nucleus.
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and is secured in a nucleus.
Name some functions of carbs in a cell.
Structure (cellulose in plant cell walls)
Storage (glycogen in animal cells, starch in plants)
Cell signaling (glycoproteins, glycolipids)
Plasma membrane
Why does water have a high specific heat and high surface tension?
Due to the amount of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonds are weak by themselves stronger together.
What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton? What are their functions?
Microtubules: maintaining cell shape, motility, organelle movement
Microfilaments: made up of actin, helps in cell contraction, changes in cell shape
Intermediate: important to anchor the nucleus and other organelles.
Draw a phospholipid. Why is this structure important? What do they usually function in?
Polar phosphate head, nonpolar fatty acid tails. Functions as the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane.
What composes the backbone of nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide.
Draw each protein structure level. What are some major differences between each? At what level can a protein actually function?
Primary structure: amino acids linked together through peptide bonds. Just a chain of amino acids.
Secondary: localized folding of the polypeptide chain (via hydrogen bonding). Alpha helices, beta sheets
Tertiary: 3D folding of due to side chain interactions, disulfide bridges. This is the lowest level a protein can function
Quaternary: 2 or more tertiary structures
Draw two water molecules and demonstrate cohesion, adhesion, and covalent bonding.
Cohesion: hydrogen bonding between 2 water molecules
Adhesion: hydrogen bonds between water and surrounding molecules
Draw an animal cell. Make note of differences between an animal cell and a plant cell.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts.
Animal cells have mitochondria and no cell wall.
Give an example of how the macromolecules work together within a cell.
Glycoproteins, glycolipids, nucleic acids store genetic information to make proteins, proteins act as channels and receptors within the membrane (composed of lipids).
Give the functions of each of the following organelles:
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Ribosome
Nucleus - stores DNA as chromatin.
Rough ER - synthesis of secretory proteins
Smooth ER - lipid synthesis and detoxification
Golgi Apparatus - protein modification. Site of synthesis of polysaccharides
Vacuole - participate in storage, digestion, waste disposal, and protection
Lysosome - Breakdown of ingested substances, macromolecules, and damaged organelles
Peroxisome - contains organelles, enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide, participates in lipid metabolism and detoxification
Ribosome - protein synthesis