Intro to Anatomy
The study of anatomy one organ system at a time
Systemic anatomy
The study of cells
Cytology
The study of tissues
Histology
What are the 2 layers of the integument?
Epidermis and dermis
A bone cell
Osteocyte
Transverse plane separates the ____ half of the body from the ______ half of the body
Top; bottom
Free ribosomes are found in the _____ and fixed ribosomes are found on the ______
Cytoplasm; rough endoplasmic reticulum
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelium, neural, muscle, and connective
What tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis? The reticular?
Papillary = loose areolar connective tissue
Reticular = dense irregular connective tissue
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts build up bone whilst osteoclasts break it down
This system delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur in the body
Respiratory
A type of endocytosis, considered to be cell eating
Phagocytosis
This type of secretion secretes via the whole cell
Holocrine
Which layer of the epidermis is found in THICK skin?
Stratum lucidum
What is the special structure in spongey bone?
Trabeculae
List the levels of organization
cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
What are the "folds" of the mitochondria called and what is their function?
List the 3 layers of the fascia (layers below the skin) from superficial to deep
Hypodermis/subcutaneous/superficial fascia -> deep fascia -> subserous fascia
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Apocrine and merocrine
What is the outer covering of the bone called? The inner?
Outer is periosteum, inner is endosteum
Tell me the corresponding meaning to each of these directional terms:
Anterior/ventral
Posterior/dorsal
Cranial/cephalic
Superior
Caudal
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Front, before
Back, behind
Toward the head
Above, at a higher level
Toward the tail/coccyx
Below, at a lower level
Toward the midline of the body
Away from the midline of the body
Toward an attached base
Away from an attached base
At, near, relatively close to the body surface
Toward inferior of the body, away
List all of the nonmebraneous organelles (6) and all of the membraneous organelles (7)
Nonmembraneous = Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and ribosomes
Membraneous = Mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
List all of the categories, subcategories, and sub-subcategories of connective tissue
HINT: You can draw out the connective tissue mind map we made next week
Proper (2 types) - loose and dense
Loose proper (3 types) - areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense proper (3types) - irregular, regular, and elastic
Fluid (2 types) - blood and lymph
Supporting (2 types) - cartilage and bone
Cartilage (3 types) - hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
List the layers of the integument from superficial to deep
Epidermis: corneum -> lucidum (thick skin) -> granulosum -> spinosum -> basale/germinitivum
Dermis: papillary -> reticular
What are the steps to endochondral ossification?
1. Cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes die leaving cavities
2. Blood vessels come towards bone, shaft of bone begins to form
3. Blood vessels come into bone, spongey bone begins to form at center, ends of bone begin to grow
4. Remodeling occurs, creating medullary cavity
5. Secondary ossification centers are created at epiphyseases
6. Spongey bone forms in epiphyseases, cartilage seperates epiphyseas from diaphyseas