Molecules
What is a polar molecule?
slightly charged molecules that do not evenly share electrons
What are the three components of homeostatic mechanisms?
receptor, set point, effector
What is a reaction that requires oxygen called?
aerobic
What determines whether a cell will respond to a hormone?
receptor protein
What are four major tissue types in body?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are essential elements?
elements required for life
What is an example of negative feedback? What does this type of reaction mean?
temperature regulation or sugar regulation
the original stimulus is reduced until set point is reached
What is activation energy?
energy required to initiate a reaction
What is passive transport?
transport that does not require energy where a molecule is moved down a concentration gradient
What type of hormones bind to intracellular receptors?
lipophilic (steroid, thyroid hormones)
What are the three types of bonds we have covered? Which is the weakest?
Strongest: covalent --> ionic --> hydrogen bonds: weakest
What is positive feedback? What does this type of feedback mean?
Labor, which can be triggered by stimulus of baby's head on cervix. Positive feedback exacerbates the original stimulus until an outside stimulus triggers the end.
Draw and label an exergonic reaction
product ends with less potential energy than reactants had in the beginning
What type of signaling is uses chemical signals to communicate with nearby cells?
paracrine
What is the pathway that primarily controls hormonal release?
hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway
What are three purposes proteins can serve?
enzymes, membrane transporters, signal molecules, receptors, antibodies
What structure of the cell is the first line for maintaining homeostasis?
Phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)
Draw and label an endergonic reaction
ends with more stored energy than in beginning
What are the two major messengers that can be used for signaling?
chemical and electrical
What are major differences between endocrine and nervous signaling?
endocrine: slower and longer lasting
nervous: faster but shorter-lasting
What are the four major biomolecules?
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides
What are the five characteristics of life?
metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement
Draw the circle of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Label endergonic/exergonic reactions and catabolic/anabolic reactions
Synthesis: endergonic, anabolic
Hydrolysis: exergonic, catabolic
What are three ways you can increase a cell's response to a signal?
tonic control, up-regulation, more hormones/chemical messengers
What are the three stages of aerobic cell respiration? Which yields the most energy?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain (most)