MSK
Name 2 disease prevention strategies for OA
Proper nutrition, avoid injuries, weight bearing exercises, take breaks as needed
What are 2 main clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome?
"Buffalo hump," "moon face," striae, slow wound healing
What test is used to screen for balance?
Romberg test
What is status epilepticus?
Prolonged seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or repeated seizures over the course of 30 minutes
What are the 3 Ps of Diabetes?
Polydipsia, polyphagia, & polyuria
What is the difference between skin & skeletal traction?
Skin traction: involves use of velcro boot (Buck's), belt, or halter
Skeletal traction: screws are surgically inserted directly into the bone; allows for longer traction time & heavier weights
What are 3 s/s of Addison's disease?
Muscle weakness, anorexia, GI symptoms, fatigue, dark pigmentation of skin, hypotension, apathy, emotional lability, confusion
Expressive aphasia: inability to express
Receptive aphasia: inability to understand
List 3 parts of first aid during a seizure.
Cushion head, remove glasses, loosen tight clothing, turn on side, time the seizure, DO NOT put anything in pt's mouth, check for ID, do not restrain
What drug is used to treat Diabetes Insipidus?
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Name 2 drugs that may be used following an amputation and what they do.
IV calcitonin - reduces phantom limb pain
Beta-blockers (propanolol) - dulls burning pain
Antiepileptics (Gabapentin) - treats neuropathic pain
Antispasmodics (baclofen) - helps with muscle spasms/cramping
List 3 s/s for hypothyroidism. Treatment?
Obesity, cold intolerance, depression, hair loss, bradycardia, constipation, menstrual changes, fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, paresthesia
Treatment: lifelong levothyroxine replacement
What are the 3 components of the Glasgow Coma Scale? Is a higher number a mild or severe brain injury?
Eye opening response, verbal response, motor response
Higher numbers indicate less severe brain injury
13-15: minor injury
9-12: moderate injury
3-8: severe injury
What are the two types of posturing that indicate increased ICP & what is the difference between them?
Decorticate: internal rotation, adduction, & flexion of the arms
Decerebrate: extension of the arms & legs
What is the biggest side effect that we need to monitor for in a pt receiving tPa after a stroke?
Bleeding
What are 2 signs that could indicate a dislocation in a pt who underwent a THA?
Sudden pain, leg shortening/rotation
What labs would you expect to see in a pt with SIADH?
Hyponatremia, high urine osmolality, high urine specific gravity
Name 3 manifestations of an ischemic stroke
Numbness/weakness on one side, confusion, change in mental status, trouble speaking and/or understanding speech, loss of balance, difficulty walking, sudden severe headache, perceptual disturbances
What is the difference between an epidural & subdural hematoma?
Epidural: pt may have a brief loss of consciousness with return of lucid state, as hematoma expands, increased ICP will suddenly reduce LOC
Subdural: can be acute (24-48 hours), subacute (48 hrs - 2 weeks), or chronic (develops over weeks to months)
Halo sign: ring of fluid around the blood stain from drainage
Bleeding from nose, pharynx, or ears
Raccoon eyes
Name the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome. Treatment?
Pain, Pallor, Paralysis, Paresthesia, Pressure, Pulselessness
Treatment: fasciotomy
What are the priority interventions for a pt in DKA?
Assess airway/LOC, rehydrate with IV fluids, IV insulin, reverse acidosis & restore electrolyte balance
How soon does tPa need to be started after onset of symptoms? What value does BP need to be under to start tPa?
Must be started within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms
BP must be under 185/110 prior to starting tPa
Name a possible trigger for autonomic dysreflexia & 3 symptoms
Triggers: distended bladder, constipation, stimulation of the skin
S/S: severe pounding headache, sudden increase in BP, profuse diaphoresis, flushing in the face/neck/shoulders, nasal congestion, and bradycardia
What are 3 potential s/s of fat embolism syndrome?
Hypoxemia, dyspnea, tachypnea, headache, lethargy, agitation, confusion, decreased LOC, seizures, vision changes, petechiae over neck/upper arms/chest