Misc
The immunity a mother will pass to child from breast milk.
Name 2 granulocytes.
What are neutrophils, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils?
PRRs can recognize these host derived molecules.
What are Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
These professional antigen-presenting cells link innate and adaptive immunity by capturing antigens and migrating to secondary lymphoid organs to activate T cells.
What are dendritic cells?
The C3 convertase in the alternative pathway.
What is C3bBb?
A molecule that binds to a pathogen and enhances its recognition and phagocytosis by immune cells.
What is an opsonin?
WBC found in the blood, which can differentiate into dendritic cells or macrophages when entering the tissues.
What are monocytes?
A PRR which binds to carbohydrates on the surface of a bacteria.
What is C-type lectin receptor (CLR)?
Describe difference between primary and secondary immune responses (discuss innate versus adaptive responses)
Innate always responds the same strength. Immediate, non-specific, no memory
Adaptive is slower during primary response, and can be stronger and rapid during second. Has memory and is highly specific
Erythrocytes use this receptor to bind soluble opsonized immune complexes, transporting them to the spleen and liver for clearance.
What is CR1?
Spleen performs this function. Name 1
What is: filtering blood
Immune surveillance
clearance of soluble immune complexes from complement
A neutrophil secretes a protein to sequester metals and starve bacteria.
What is calprotectin?
Toll like receptors are in endosomal or plasma membranes. Define which ligands correspond to each.
What are:
Plasma membrane TLRs detect bacterial surface molecules (lipids or carbohydrates, depending)
Endosomal TLRs detect viral or bacterial nucleic acids (not proteins!)
Resident macrophages start secreting cytokines upon infection to perform what purpose.
What is:
Initiate inflammation
Recruit neutrophils and monocytes
Increase vascular permeability
Trigger the acute-phase response
Help contain infection early
This protein complex initiates the lectin pathway by binding specific carbohydrate patterns on pathogens and activating C4 and C2.
What is MBL/MASPs?
Define the function of a chemokine.
What is: A cytokine which directs immune cell migration? (chemotaxis)
A tissue specific macrophage.
What is:
Microglia-brain
Alveolar Macrophage-lung
Kupffer cell-liver
Langerhans cell-skin
Intracellular PRR which recognizes bacterial cell wall, and activates the inflammasome and caspase-1 activity.
What is NOD-like receptor (specifically NLRP3)?
A key step in phagocytosis is the formation of this membrane-bound compartment that encloses the ingested pathogen before it fuses with lysosomes.
What is a phagosome?
The positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway which stabilizes the C3 convertase, allowing it to cleave many more C3 proteins.
What is Factor P (properdin)?
The vessel in the lymph node where antigen enters through.
NK cells kill by two different mechanisms.
What is direct killing via perforin/granzyme
Or receptor-induced death signaling?
A PRR which can detect cytosolic RNA virus.
What is RIG-I–like receptors (RLRs)?
The definition of a pyrogen and associated cytokines (produced by macrophages during acute infection/response).
What is a fever causing factor. IL-6, TNF-a and IL-1B
This serine protease inhibitor stops the classical and lectin pathways by dissociating C1r/C1s from C1q and MASPs from MBL.
What is C1 inhibitor (C1INH)?