Inflammation
This WBC is the major early responder to acute bacterial infection and is important for phagocytosis.
What is a neutrophil?
The immunoglobulin is produced first during the primary immune response.
What is IgM?
This condition occurs when alveoli collapse.
What is atelectasis?
This equation represents cardiac output.
What is CO = HR × SV?
A patient experiences massive blood loss. What type of shock?
What is hypovolemic shock?
This term describes an increased number of immature neutrophils/bands in the bloodstream
What is a left shift?
This immunoglobulin is most associated with allergic reactions.
What is IgE?
Wheezing, bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and increased mucus production are characteristic of this disorder.
What is asthma?
This test represents the percentage of blood ejected from a ventricle with each contraction.
What is ejection fraction?
A patient has severe myocardial damage and cannot maintain adequate cardiac output. What type of shock?
What is cardiogenic shock?
What is increased capillary permeability?
What is artificial active immunity?
Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil are characteristic of this condition.
What is emphysema?
Crackles, orthopnea, PND, and pulmonary congestion point toward this side of heart failure.
What is left-sided heart failure?
A patient develops severe infection, systemic inflammation, vasodilation, hypotension, and impaired tissue perfusion. What type of shock?
What is septic shock?
A patient has an elevated WBC count and increased eosinophils. These cells should make you think about these two types of conditions.
What are parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
A patient has a CD4 count of 180 cells. What diagnosis should you recognize?
What is AIDS?
A patient suddenly develops dyspnea and chest pain after having a DVT. What condition should you suspect?
What is a pulmonary embolism?
JVD, peripheral edema, ascites, and systemic venous congestion point toward this side of heart failure.
What is right-sided heart failure?
A patient has a massive pulmonary embolism that physically obstructs blood flow. What type of shock can occur?
What is obstructive shock?
Put this inflammatory sequence in the correct order
Edema - injury - WBC migration - vasodilation - increased permeability
Injury - vasodilation - increased capillary permeability - edema - wbc - migration/ recruitment
A patient develops a bacterial infection. Their WBC is 18,000/mm³ and bands are elevated. Later they become hypotensive and confused. Explain what the elevated bands mean and what serious complication you should be concerned about.
Left shift → increased immature neutrophils responding to infection; progression to sepsis/septic shock should be considered.
A patient suddenly develops severe respiratory distress, hypotension, and tracheal deviation away from the affected side. What is happening and why is it an emergency?
Tension pneumothorax. Air enters the pleural space and increases pressure, compressing the lung and major vessels, impairing ventilation and venous return.
A patient experiences decreased coronary blood flow. Explain the progression from ischemia to cellular injury.
↓ blood flow → ↓ oxygen → ↓ ATP → anaerobic metabolism → lactic acid → cellular dysfunction → membrane damage → irreversible injury/cell death.
Name the type of shock:
Allergen exposure → histamine release → vasodilation + increased vascular permeability + bronchoconstriction → hypotension
What is anaphylactic shock?