Classical Genetics
True or false: A centimorgan is the length of an interval where there is a 1% chance that two markers on a chromosome will separate during mitosis
False - there is no recombination during mitosis
True or false: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a technique used to analyze protein binding, specifically protein-protein interactions.
True
True or false. Sanger sequencing and zinc finger nucleases are methods of DNA sequencing, whereas CRISPR-Cas9 and Oxford Nanopore are methods of gene editing.
False - ZFNs are for gene editing and nanopore is a method of sequencing
True or false: R-loop mapping involves hybridizing mRNA to genomic DNA and observing loops in unpaired regions to map introns.
True
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This early microscopy technique allowed for the identification of different organelles and cell compartments.
Light microscope
Describe secondary structure of proteins.
Regions of folding patterns made stable by hydrogen bonds
This technique involves the deliberate introduction of a mutation and can be used to test whether a residue is catalytic.
Site-directed mutagenesis
Explain the concept of degeneracy in the context of codon coding.
Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. Degeneracy usually occurs in the third position.
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Name two non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Possible answers: incomplete dominance, co-dominance, pleiotropy, epistasis, variable penetrance or expressivity
Explain the role of chaperones.
Provide a protected environment to facilitate protein folding
State the three main steps of a PCR amplification.
Denaturation, annealing, extension
Identify which statement is FALSE regarding structural packaging and genome organization across domains:
Viruses can have genomes composed of ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or dsDNA, packaged by histones.
Bacteria typically possess circular dsDNA chromosomes.
Eukaryotes possess multiple linear dsDNA chromosomes.
1 - Only eukaryotes and archaea use histones for packaging.
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Mendel’s second law states that ________________________________.
Segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair
Explain intrinsically disordered domains.
Regions of proteins that lack a fixed three-dimensional structure and instead remain flexible and dynamic
Name one method of passing DNA through the cellular envelope during transformation.
Possible answers: heat shock (chemical), electroporation (electrical), biolistics (physical), via biological vectors
Name two defects or sequence alterations that could mark or inactivate a pseudogene.
Possible answers: Missing promoter, missing start codon, frameshift, premature stop codon (nonsense mutation), missing introns, partial deletion, loss of splicing junctions, missense mutations
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Identify which is FALSE about genetic maps and explain why:
Genetic maps are built from crosses.
Genetic maps are measured in base pairs.
Genetic maps will have genes in the same order as physical maps.
2 - Genetic maps are measured in centimorgans, not bp. And 3, genetic maps can sometimes have genes in a different order.
Name three types of protein groups (according to their function).
Possible answers: Enzymes, structural proteins, scaffold proteins, transport proteins, motor proteins, storage proteins, signaling proteins, receptor proteins, regulatory proteins, specialized proteins
Name 3 ways restriction enzymes can differ from one another.
Possible answers: Recognition sequence, cut pattern (blunt or sticky), type (I, II, etc.), sensitivity to DNA methylation
Explain what’s wrong with this statement:
“Maize’s genome is 16 times larger than Arabidopsis’, meaning it’s 16 times more complex.”
Genome size doesn’t correlate with organismal complexity, and extra DNA can be in the form of non-coding repetitive sequences rather than new genes. Functional complexity arises from gene regulation and expression mechanisms.
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