Cell Basics
What are the 3 parts of Cell Theory?
All living organisms are made of one or more cells; cells are the smallest units of life; new cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
What organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria.
Does passive transport require energy?
No
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates/sugars?
Monosaccharides
Name the 4 structures found in all cells.
Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.
What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages materials into transport vesicles?
Golgi apparatus.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a membrane.
What part of an amino acid determines its properties, such as polarity and charge?
The R-group (side chain).
What type of bond joins two monosaccharides together?
A glycosidic linkage.
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding DNA?
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid with circular DNA, while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes inside a nucleus.
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes and helps make secretory proteins, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and helps with lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion moves directly through the lipid bilayer, while facilitated diffusion uses carrier or channel proteins.
What type of bonds stabilize secondary protein structure?
Hydrogen Bonds
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
What does omnis cellula e cellula mean?
Every cell originates from another cell.
What are 3 pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiont theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA, free ribosomes, and can reproduce somewhat independently.
What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks.
What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site and change the enzyme’s shape
What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis?
Dehydration removes water to build polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break polymers down.
Put the levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest
Chemical → subcellular → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organismal.
What are the cis and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
The cis face is the receiving side, while the trans face is the shipping side.
What does the sodium-potassium pump move during one cycle?
It moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
What interactions help stabilize the tertiary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges.
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines have a 6-membered ring, while purines have fused 6- and 5-membered rings.