Psychology as a Science
This is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior
What is psychology?
This approach, developed by Titchner, sought to train introspectionists to be systematic and scientific as they looked inward to report reactions to various stimuli
What is structuralism?
What are description, explanation, prediction, and control?
This is a nonexperimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated
What is correlational research?
These are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system.
This NT is involved in sleep, mood, and appetite,
What is serotonin?
This is the thin, wrinkled outer covering of the brain in which high-level mental processes take place
What is the cerebral cortex?
This is a gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present
What is a dominant gene?
This is a biological event characterized by hormonal changes promote physical growth and reproductive maturity
What is puberty?
These are the 6 basic emotions expressed by infants by 6 months of age.
What are happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust?
This Piagetian stage of development is characterized by mental activity that is restricted to coordinate sensory percpetion and motor development
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This involves failing to evaluate claims using sufficient logic
What is uncritical acceptance?
This views human and animal behavior is the result of brain and nervous system processes.
What is the neuroscientific view?
This is a process for answering psychological questions that emphasizes precise definitions, the development of hypotheses, systematic collection of evidence, accurate description and measurements, theory development, and testing whether results can be replicated
What is the scientific method?
This is a condition or factor that researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcome
What is an extraneous variable?
This part of the neuron carries information from the cell body
What is the axon?
This is a computer-enhanced X-ray image used to explore brain structure.
What is a CT scan?
This brain stucture is associated with rapid processing of emotions, strongly related to fear and memory of fearful experiences
What is the amygdala?
This is a period in which the necessary experience must be provided for the ability to develop properly
What is a critical period?
This is the first stage of language development, which begins around 6 to 8 weeks.
What is cooing?
This types of attachment is an anxious emotional bond; marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a caregiver
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
This is a learned body of knowledge or skills about a topic.
What is a schema?
This is an objective approach to answer questions that relies on careful observations and experiments
What is science?
This approach studied experiences of thinking, learning, personality, and perception as whole units, not by parts
What is Gestalt psychology?
This form of data requires participants providing information about their own thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.
What is self-report data?
This is data that come from watching participants and recording their behavior
What is observational data?
This part of the neuron receives incoming messages from other neurons
What are the dendrites?
This NT is involved in motivation, reward, and planning of behavior
What is dopamine?
These lobes of the brain integrate auditory information and language
What are the temporal lobes?
This is a person’s observable characteristics
What is the phenome?
These are 4 adaptive reflexes, present in infants, that aid in survival.
What are the grasping, rooting, sucking, and moro reflexes?
Coined by Erikson, this is defined as conflict between personal impulses and the social world
What is a psychosocial dilemma?
This Piagetian stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to carry out mental operations as the mastery of conservation.
What is the concrete operational stage?
This involves noticing that which confirms our expectations
What is confirmation bias?
This view believes much human behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information
What is the cognitive view?
This is the predicted outcome of an experiment
What is a hypothesis?
This type of data includes measures of brain, heart, muscles, and production of hormones
What is physiological data?
This part of the autonomic NS is also known as the "rest and digest" system.
What is the parasympathetic NS?
This producedhree-dimensional images that are produced based on response to magnetic field and radio waves and ois used to study brain structure.
What is MRI?
This consists of thick axon fibers and allows for communication across hemispheres.
What is the corpus callosum?
This consists of biologically-driven developmental changes that unfold naturally over time according to one’s genetic blueprint, independent of experience or training
What is maturation?
This Kohlberg stage of moral development is guided by consequences of action (punishment or reward)
What is the preconventional stage?
This caregiving stye is characterized by low responsiveness and high demandingness
What is authoritarian caregiving?
This Piagetian stage of cognitive development in characterized by the inability to perform mental operations on mental images or ideas as well as egocentrism.
What is the preoperational stage?
Astrology, phrenology, and graphology are all examples of this
What is pseudoscience?
This approach considered behavior in terms of active adaptations and included Darwin's principle of natural selection
What is functionalism?
This form of self-report data involves a questionnaire where each participant is asked the same questions.
What is a survey?
This is the measured effect of the experimental manipulation.
What is the Dependent Variable?
This part of the peripheral NS consists of a network of neurons linking the spinal cord with the body and sense organs.
What is the somatic NS?
This NT is involved in calming and sleep.
What is GABA?
This brain structure regulates emotional behaviors and biological needs
What is the hypothalamus?
These are harmful substances, infections, or health conditions that can cause birth defects
What are teratogens?
This is a culturally defined period of transition between childhood and adulthood
What is adolescence?
These are the 6 emotional reactions to impending death, identified by elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
What are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance?
This is a behavioral schema that guides our actions in a given situation.
What is a script?
This is the level of training usually required for psychologists
What is a master's degree or doctorate
This view sees behavior as guided by one’s self-image, by subjective perceptions of the world, and by the need for personal growth.
What is the humanistic view?
This consists of ideas designed to interrelate concepts that summarize existing data and predicts future observations
What is a theory?
This is the suspected cause for differences in behavior
What is the Independent Variable?
These are cells that provide support and protection for neurons
What are glial cells?
This records activity levels in various areas of the brain by measuring oxygenated blood flow and is used to explore brain function.
What is fMRI?
These lobes of the brain contain the primary visual cortex.
What are the occipital lobes?
This is a gene whose influence will be expressed only if paired with second, identical recessive gene
What is a recessive gene?
This is the average age at which most children speak their first words.
What is age one?
This type of attachment is a stable and positive emotional bond; marked by efforts to be near the caregiver during reunions
What is secure attachment?
This Piagetian stage of development is characterized by the ability to engage in thinking that includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas.
What is the formal operational stage?
This involves seeking knowledge for the sake of knowledge
What is basic research?
This approach emphasized the study of observable actions over the study of the mind
What is behaviorism?
This is a research method in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable
What is an experiment?
This is research conducted so that neither the researcher nor the subjects know who received treatment or placebo
What is a double-blind study?
This part of the NS contain the brain and spinal cord
What is the central nervous system?
This NT has a major excitatory effect in the CNS and participates in learning and memory
What is glutamate?
These lobes of the brain are associated with movement, sense of self, and higher mental functions
What are the frontal lobes?
This is the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes
What is heredity (nature)?
This Kohlberg stage of moral development is based on desire to please others and follow accepted authority, rules, values
What is the conventional stage?
This type of attachment is an anxious emotional bond; marked by both a desire to be with a caregiver and resistance at being reunited
What is insecure-ambivalent attachment?
This is the modification of an established schema to new objects or problems
What is accommodation?
This involves non-human subjects and applying findings to humans
What are animal models?
This views human and animal behavior as the result of how the genes we inherit from our parents interact with the environment (including the environment in the womb before birth).
What is the behavioral genetics view?
This is a group from which a sample is drawn.
What is a population?
This is an in-depth analysis of behavior of one person or small number of people
What is a case study?
This is the microscopic gap between two neurons
What is the synapse?
This measures waves of electrical activity near surface of brain and is used to explore brain function
What is EEG?
This brain structure relays for sensory information to the cerebral cortex
What is the thalamus?
This is the study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code
What is epigenetics?
This is an exaggerated pattern of speaking to infants that aids in language development.
What is parentese?
This caregiving styles is characterized by high responsiveness and low demandingness
What is permissive caregiving?
This is the understanding that people have different mental states that vary
What is theory of mind?
This involves soling immediate, practical problems
What is applied research?
This term is used for one who rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as topics for study
What is a radical behaviorist?
This consists of changes in behavior caused by awareness of being observed
What is the observer effect?
This part of a correlation coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables.
What is the number?
These are the 2 divisons of the peripheral nervous system.
What are the somatic NS and the autonomic NS?
This NT participates in movement, autonomic function, learning, and memory
What is acetylcholine?
These lobes of the brain register body sensations
This is the sum total of a person’s genetic material
What is the genome?
This Kohlberg stage of moral development consists of self-chosen ethical principles which are comprehensive or universal and has an emphasis on justice, dignity, and equality
What is the postconventional stage?
This caregiving style is characterized by high responsiveness and high demandingness
What is authoritative caregiving?
This is observed when we apply an established schema to new objects or problems.
What is assimilation?
These mental health professionals treat and research psychological problems, mental disorders, and therapies
What is a clinical psychologist?
This views behavior as directed by forces within one’s personality that are often hidden or unconscious.
What is the behaviorist view?
This is a subset o a population being studied
What is a sample?
This part of a correlation coefficient indicates the direction of the relationship.
What is the sign (+ or -)?
This part of the neuron consists of insulating material that coats some axons to help neurons move rapidly down the axon
What is the myelin sheath?
This uses radioactive particles to capture brain activity, produces high-resolution images, and is used to explore brain function.
What is PET scan?
This helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles
What is the pineal gland?
These are specific sections of DNA that code for one particular aspect of an organism’s development
What are genes?
This is the second stage of language development, usually present by 7 months.
What is babbling?
This type of attachment is an anxious emotional bond; marked by fearful, uncertain, confused, contradictory, or disoriented behaviors during reunions
What is insecure-disorganized attachment?
This is the range of tasks that children cannot master alone but can accomplish with the guidane of a more capable partner.
What is the zone of proximal development?