Chapter 2
What is made up of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen?
What is water?
The building blocks of proteins
What are amino acids?
This stores genetic information in modern cells
What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
This is the energy currency for cells
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
The 2 types of energy
What is potential energy and kinetic energy?
The hydrogen end is positive and the oxygen end is negative, because of this the water is _______?
What is polar?
This group on an amino acid can be grouped into 3 types?
What is the R-group/side chain?
This forms a sugar-phosphate backbone
What is a phosphodiester linkage?
This protein makes reactions more likely, are specific for a single type of rxn, and brings reactants together
What is an enzyme?
These are the three components of a nucleotide
What are a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base?
Results in surface tension and produces a surface film.
What is cohesion?
The bond that is formed between amino acids?
What is a peptide bond
These are the groups of nitrogenous bases
What are purines: Adenine & Guanine? and
What are pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, & uracil?
These molecules help regulate many enzymes
What are coenzymes, cofactors, and prosthetic groups?
Doing this gives the energy needed for polymerization
What is adding 2 extra phosphate groups to nucleotides?
The factors that determine whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous or not
What is potential energy and entropy?
The type of bond that is directly involved in the formation of an α-helix
What is a hydrogen bond?
These interactions cause DNA to twist into a helix
What are hydrophobic interactions?
Noncovalent interactions that regulate enzymes
What is allosteric regulation and competitive inhibition?
This structure is stabilized by bonds and other interactions between R-groups or between R-groups and the peptide-bonded backbone
What is the tertiary structure?
Which of the molecules would you think to have the largest # of polar covalent bonds based on their molecular formulas?
C2H6O (ethanol)
C2H6 (ethane)
C2H4O2 (acetic acid)
C3H8O (propanol)
What is acetic acid?
since it has more highly electronegative oxygen atoms than the other molecules. When bonded to carbon or hydrogen, each oxygen will result in a polar covalent bond.
This affects the chemical reactivity and solubility of an amino acid
What is the structure of the R-group?
What would be the sequence of the strand of DNA that is made from the following template:
5′-GATATCGAT-3′? (answer should be written 5′-->3′.)
What is the DNA sequence of the new strand is
5' -ATCGATATC- 3'?
What is A?
The formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
a. is an exergonic process.
b. transfers the phosphate to another intermediate that becomes more reactive.
c. produces an unstable energy compound that can drive cellular work.
d. has a G of —7.3 kcal/mol under standard conditions.
e. involves the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond.
What is C?