Chapter 1
What is the modern evidence for natural selection?
Fossil records, earth's age
What is a compound molecule?
Molecules made of two or more different elements
What are the FOUR types of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
What are the two domains/kingdoms of prokaryotic cells? Which one are eukaryotic cells most closely related to?
Bacteria and archaea, closer related to archaea
Define theory as it applies to science. Can theories change over time? How?
A theory is based on interconnected concepts which are supported by experimental evidence, Theories can change over time as new information is developed
What is an emergent property? Provide examples
Properties that result from interactions of components. They can not be deduced by looking at the parts alone.
Life is an emergent property.
Describe the polar structure of a water molecule. Why do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?
Two positive hydrogen atoms and one negative oxygen atom,
Hydrogen bonds form from the negative and postive forces of the molecule between other water atoms.
Why don’t lipids mix with water molecules?
Non-polar, hydrophobic
What is the purpose of Flagella?
Movement/Locomotion
Describe the position of an electron around a nucleus. Use the appropriate terminology.
The electron is situated outside of the nucleus. Electrons are in constant movement inside a predicted orbital.
What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? Provide an example of each.
Homologous means structures that are left over from evolution that were used for the same function such as arms/wrists/ankles in humans, horses, bats, cats, whales.
Analogous are similar structures that did not derive from common ancestors, such as insect wings and bird wings.
Describe the THREE types of molecular bonds. How are they formed?
Nonpolar Covalent: Sharing of electrons between two atoms of the same or similar eletronegativity
Polar Covalent: Uneven sharing of electrons between two atoms
Ionic Bonds: Formed by oppositely charged ions, gain or loss of an electron
How does DNA differ from RNA? What are the bases found in each of these molecules?
RNA is a single polynucleotide strand. Uses Uracil instead of thymine
DNA is two polynucleotide strands forming a "double helix" Uses thymine instead of Uracil
Both use adenine, guanine, and cytosine
What are the FOUR structural features that ALL cells share?
Nuclei/nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
Describe the movement of electrons in redox reactions.
Electrons are transfered from one atom to another in redox reactions
Oxidation is the loss of an electron
Reduction is the gain of an electron
Describe the steps and process of hypothesis-driven science (i.e., the scientific method/process).
Observation, hypothesis, prediciton, experimentation, conclusion
Describe the components of a standard chemical reaction. What factors affect reaction rates?
Reactant and Products. Reactant are the original molecules and products are the molecules produced from the reactant after the reaction.
Temperature, concentration of reactant and products, catalysts, can impact reaction rates.
Give an example of another molecule formed from nucleotides. What is their function?
Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) as a source of energy in the cell
Fully describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell.
Nucleoid region, ribosomes, circular DNA, cytoplasm, phospholipid membrane comprised of peptoglyican for bactria or proteins and lipids for archeae.
Extra: Pili, flagellum, capsule coating
What is an acid? What is a base?
Acid is a substance that dissociates in water and increases the amount of H+ (Lower pH, less than 7)
Base is a substance that combines H+ dissolved in water, thus lowering H+ (Higher pH, more than 7)
How does evolution explain the unity and diversity of life? Provide examples.
All living things comes from one original cell, life diversified over the course of millions of years via natural selection and evolution.
Describe the SIX properties of water that benefit life on earth.
High specific heat energy
High heat of evaporation
Ice is less dense than liquid water
Water is a good solvent, dissolves polar molecules
Organizes nonpolar molecules
Water can form ions
What are motifs and domains?
Motifs are reoccuring shapes present in a polypeptide chain
Domains are parts of the polypeptide chain that may preform different functions
What are THREE ways that eukaryotic cells can move?
Cilia, Flagella, Pseduo movements/actin filaments
What are the monomers of proteins? How many are there?
Amino Acids, 20 common types found in the human body