Chapter 1
Using multiple substances so that their effects overlap is called
simultaneous polysubstance use
Which president introduced "zero-tolerance" legislation and mandatory minimum sentencing?
President Nixon
This part of the brain is made up of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
hindbrain
Name the fastest and slowest routes of administration discussed
Fastest - intravenous
Slowest - oral
Drug __________ refers to using a substance for a reason other that for its prescribed reason
misuse
If someone refers to barbiturates as "downers" - they are using what type of classification?
by street name
What was the purpose of the San Francisco Ordinance of 1875?
Banned opium dens
Identify this type of brain scan
PET scan
What is one potential negative effect that can occur with chronic use of intranasal substance use?
deterioration of the nasal cavity
List the three monoamines discussed
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
Which substance use had doubled from 2014 to 2024?
marijuana
In the 1920's use of what substance increased?
Marijuana
Which neurotransmitter is related to Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
Name and briefly describe the three types of injection administrations
subcutaneous - under the skin, shorter needle
intramuscular - into the muscle, longer needle
intravenous - into the vein
For an action potential to be reaches a(n) must be reached at approximately -50 mV
stimulus threshold/threshold of excitation
studies quantify what society “pays” for its members incurring specific illnesses
cost-of-illness
The guidelines for scheduling substances are based on these three metrics...
Medical use, misuse potential, likelihood of dependence
When a neurotransmitter molecules detaches from the receptor and is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, this is an example of
Reuptake
If the desired dose is 0.07 mg/kg and the person weighs 70 kg, the necessary drug dose amount is
4.9 mg
This dose-effect curve is an example of a __________ effect
biphasic
Name two criteria required by the DSM-5-TR for a substance use disorder
ex: withdrawal and tolerance
Name one implication of the Dec 18th executive order for cannabis use
Increased research, reductions in research barriers, increased public use
Cocaine, amphetamines, and some hallucinogens (such as LSD) are called ______________ because of their effect on the autonomic nervous system
Sympathomimetic
Explain why the difference between the effective and lethal dose matters and given an example of where this difference is large and when this difference is small.
Vary based on substance - can be vital to knowing life/death situations
Large - caffeine, cannabis
Small - fentanyl, heroin, cocaine
What is the difference between oral and sublingual administration?
Oral - broken down in stomach, goes through the liver, slower
Sublingual - "under the tongue," absorbed through the mucous membrane - absorbed directly into the bloodstream, faster