What's that variable?
Formula for Under-5 Mortality Rate
# deaths children 0-5 during the year/ # of live births during the year
bad if high
______ is a measure of disease risk
Incidence
what is my middle name
it starts with an L
lauren
sorry i ran out of Qs
# of people living in a community
A needle exchange program is created for those injecting drugs to prevent the spread of HIV. What is the exposure? Outcome?
Exposure: needles
Outcome: HIV
Define Infant Mortality & the equation
# infant deaths 0-365 days old/total # live births
bad if high, connects to SDOH (think about from class example with Ava the baby)
A patient's temperature in degrees F is what type of variable?
Interval
Secondary prevention happens at what point? Give an example.
before symptom onset -- THINK SCREENINGS!!!!
Value that describes a sample?
statistic
What is etiology the study of
Cause of diseases
Define Life Expectancy
Measures the overall death experience of the population, incorporating the probability of dying at each year of life
higher = better
Researchers survey college students at one point in time to measure anxiety and the number of hours spent on social media per day. What kind of study is this?
cross-sectional
measuring both disease and exposure at same time
think of surveys
cheap
List 2 of the 5 surveillance process steps for descriptive epidemiology
- data collection (what monitoring, how)
- data analysis (who is analyzing what and how often)
- data interpretation (closely linked to analysis -- takeaways -- linking to health problem to potential exposure)
- data dissemination (distribute it to the right people)
- link to action (what do we do with it)
What are the measures of centrality?
What are the measures of dispersion?
Which measures are robust?
Centrality: Mean, Median, Mode
Dispersion: range, IQR, variance, standard deviation
MEDIAN AND IQR are robust
Draw a left skew graph and label mean, median, and mode. Be ready to explain an example of a left skewed graph
ex. age of death from natural causes
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
CAPTURES FATAL AND NON-FATAL
average number of years that a person can expect to live in “full health” by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury
Life expectancy × Quality of health measurement = HALE
Higher HALE = better
All else staying equal, if a drug is introduced to cure HIV, what will happen to prevalence?
Prevalence will decrease
What are social determinants of health? Give an example of one of the 6 broad categories and determine a specific sub-example.
The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age
education, food, health care system, community and social context, economic stability, neighborhood and built environment
each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected
What are the three core functions of public health? Define all 3 correctly to receive the points.
Assessment, Assurance, Policy Development
Assessment: Gathering and analyzing data to identify health problems and monitor health status.
Policy Development: Creating and enforcing laws, regulations, and policies to improve health outcomes.
Assurance: Providing public health services and ensuring that the population has access to necessary healthcare.
Equation for DALYs?
one lost year of “healthy” life due to premature mortality or disability
Disability Adjusted Life Years = YLD + YLL
YLD = years lost due to disability
YLL = years of life lost (due to premature death)
High DALYs = bad
A school district has 5,000 students. At the start of the school year, 400 students already have asthma. By the end of the school year, 50 new cases are identified.
What is the prevalence of asthma at the end of the school year? Provide a rate per 1,000.
90 per 1,000
What are the steps of the evidence based public health approach?
1. Define the problem (surveillance)
2. What causes the problem? (research)
3. Develop and test community-level interventions
4. Implement interventions (when, who, how)
5. Monitor intervention to evaluate effectiveness (re-aim framework)
Calculate mean, median, mode, range, IQR
draw a graph of the dataset, place mean, median, mode on said graph
2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 68, 69
mean: 17.7
median: 6
mode: 6
IQR: 4
range: 67
Ratio/Interval
Ratio has a NATURAL ZERO: height, if you are zero feet tall, it means something. You cannot be negative height.
Interval: temperature, if you have 0 degrees in celsius it doesn't mean there is an absence of heat