Chpt1. - Into to bio
This term refers to the smallest unit of life that can carry out all life’s processes.
What is a cell?
Anything that takes up space and has mass is called this.
What is matter?
The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding that creates surface tension is called this.
What is cohesion?
Large biological molecules made of repeating subunits are called this, and the repeating subunits are called this.
What are polymers made of monomers?
The monomers of proteins are called this, and they are linked together by this type of bond.
What are amino acids joined by peptide bonds?
These organisms have cells that lack a nucleus, but still contain DNA.
What are prokaryotes?
The outermost electron shell of an atom that determines how it will form bonds is called the ______ shell.
What is the valence shell?
This type of bond between the slight positive hydrogen of one molecule and the slight negative region of another gives water its unique properties.
What is a hydrogen bond?
The reaction that builds polymers by releasing water is called this, while the reaction that breaks them using water is called this.
What are condensation (dehydration) and hydrolysis?
The unique chemical group that determines an amino acid’s properties and influences protein folding is called this.
What is the R group?
The ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment, such as body temperature or pH, is called this.
What is homeostasis (regulation)?
This type of bond forms when atoms share electrons, creating strong bonds with specific angles.
What is a covalent bond?
The energy of motion of molecules is called this, while temperature is a measure of it.
What is kinetic energy?
Polysaccharides are polymers made from this type of monomer, and the bond that holds them together is called this.
What are monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds?
Alpha helices and beta sheets are examples of this level of protein structure and are stabilized by this type of bond.
What is secondary structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds?
Studying individual organelles to understand how a cell functions overall is an example of this approach to biology.
What is reductionism?
In a water molecule, electrons spend more time near oxygen than hydrogen, making the bond this type.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Water’s ability to absorb large amounts of energy without a big temperature change is due to its high ______.
What is specific heat?
Starch and glycogen are classified as this type of polysaccharide, while cellulose and chitin are classified as this type.
What are storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides?
This level of protein structure is formed by interactions between R groups and does not occur in all proteins.
What is quaternary structure?
This type of control ensures that a test is capable of producing a positive result and helps prevent false negatives.
What is a positive control?
When an atom loses an electron it becomes this, and when it gains an electron it becomes this.
What is a cation (loses electrons) and an anion (gains electrons)?
Substances that dissolve easily in water because they have charges or partial charges are described as this.
What is hydrophilic?
This property describes molecules like phospholipids that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to form membranes.
What is amphipathic?
DNA strands run in opposite directions (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’) and are held together by this type of bond between complementary bases.
What are hydrogen bonds in an antiparallel structure?