Chemical Foundations
Proteins
Non-Enzymatic Protein Functions
Nucleic Acids
Central Dogma
100
The four elements that make up 96% of all living matter.
What are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen?
100
Name some different functions of proteins
What is structure/support, catalysis, defense, signaling, transport, gene regulation
100
What protein is secreted in response to detection of an antigen?
What is an antibody
100
Create the matching mRNA strand to the following DNA template strand: AAACCGTTGACTT
3' - UUUGGCAACUGAA - 5'
100
Translation has occurred when _____ have been used to synthesize ________.
What is mRNA ; amino acid chains
200
The type of bond between the oxygen and each hydrogen in a water molecule.
What is polar covalent?
200
What are the sub-structures of a protein and what are all the major bonds in each (describe each bond specifically)?
What is Primary (Peptide bond), Secondary (H-bonding b/t backbone), Tertiary (H bond, Disulfide, Hydrophobic, Ionic), Quaternary (Hydrophobic).
200
How does hemoglobin respond to high levels of CO2 in the blood?
High CO2 levels decrease the blood pH, therefore high CO2 levels make hemoglobin more likely to give up oxygen.
200
The additional -OH group on ribose makes RNA _____ (more or less) reactive and ______ (more or less) stable than DNA.
more reactive, less stable
200
What enzyme is responsible in converting DNA to mRNA?
What is RNA Polymerase
300
Chemical reactions proceed in such a way that results in an increase in entropy and a lower this.
What is potential energy?
300
Carbonic anhydrase is the protein that catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer system. What would happen to your blood if this protein stopped working? Make sure to state the bicarbonate buffer equation in your answer.
What is blood acidosis; and you would die. H2O + CO2 ←→ H2CO3 ←→ HCO3— + H+
300
The epitope associates with which part of the antibody?
What is the variable region.
300
Nucleotides polymerize through what type of reactions and what type of bond is subsequently formed between a hydroxyl and phosphate group?
Condensation and phosphodiester bond
300
The genetic code is all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Redundant 2. Ambiguous 3. Universal 4. Conservative
What is Ambiguous
400
The kinetic energy of molecular motion.
What is thermal energy?
400
How is the idea / mechanism of molecular chaperones similar to that of a protein’s active site?
What is spatial orientation. Molecular chaperones align proteins in a particular orientation that lowers the amount of E needed for them to fold into their desired 3D structure. Active sites bring substrates together and lower the EA energy needed for the substrates to react and form the desired products
400
Explain cooperative binding of hemoglobin
The binding of one molecule of O2 to one of the sites in hemoglobin causes a conformational change in the protein that makes binding of the next O2 more likely
400
Which parts of the DNA double helix face the exterior and which face the interior? What two types of interactions/bonds help stabilize the interior?
Sugar-phosphate backbone faces the exterior and base pairs face the interior Hydrophobic and van der waals interactions help stabilize the interior
400
Give an enzyme that defies the Central Dogma?
What is Reverse Transcriptase
500
A solution with a pH of 2 has this many times more protons (H+) than a solution with a pH of 8?
What is 1,000,000 times more?
500
Proteins fold spontaneously. Why is it energetically favorable to have hydrophobic regions on the inside and hydrophilic regions on the outside in an aqueous solution?
What is the system's lowest energy form. When the hydrophilic region is on the outside, H bonding can occur b/t the protein & the solution it is in. This bonding releases energy and thus lowers the total amount of E needed to keep the system in order (which is thermodynamically favorable and sought)
500
Explain the Bohr Sift and how it is related to pH in the blood
What is the pH of the blood is lowered due to increasing CO2 levels. When the pH decreases the graph shifts to the right. This shift makes hemoglobin more likely to give up oxygen at every level
500
Explain the differences in primary, secondary, and tertiary structure between DNA and RNA.
Primary - RNA has uracil instead of thymine Secondary - DNA is a double helix and RNA is often a hairpin (single strand folded back onto itself) Tertiary - DNA has no tertiary structure and RNA has folds that form 3D shapes
500
Below is a following CODING strand of DNA. Give the first mRNA codon AFTER the start codon (AUG-methionine). 3'-ATGCCCGACTGTAC-5'
What is UCA or Serine
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