Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 part 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 part 2
100
What is accommodation? a) When a person takes in new information and modifies an existing schema b) When a person takes in new information and incorporates this information into an existing schema c) When a person forgets an existing schema and replaces it with new information d) Both a and b
a) When a person takes in new information and modifies an existing schema
100
____ frontal lobe: working memory for _____ information    ____ front lobe: working memory for _____ information Left, visual     right, verbal Right, verbal   left, non-verbal Left, verbal   right, visual Left, verbal    right, non-verbal
Left, verbal    right, non-verbal Left frontal lobe: working memory for verbal information Right front lobe: working memory for non-verbal information
100
________ is related to working memory, the system responsible for all conscious manipulation and transformation of information in memory Short term memory Long term memory Sensory memory
Short term memory Related to working memory, the system responsible for all conscious manipulation and transformation of information in memory (ex: rehearsal) ▪ Capacity = 7 +/- 2 chunks (5-9 chunks) ▪ Duration of information = 15-30 seconds ▪ Most information is lost, but some moves on to long term memory ▪ Rapid forgetting rate ▪ Easily disrupted
100
________involves using the most typical member in a category as a guide to making inferences about other members of that category Prototypical Thinking Categorical thinking Associate thinking Representative thinking
Prototypical Thinking
100
Someone asks you if they can borrow $100 dollars. When you say no, they ask again for $20 instead. Is this an example of anchoring? Why or why not?
It is, because they started on a higher price to convince you to lend them money. They gave you a point of reference.
200
What is an example of intrinsic motivation? a) Money b) Good grades c) Fun d) Approval
c) Fun Intrinsic motivation involves internal factors, such as a need to learn something or for curiosity, challenge, or fun
200
Calling your boyfriend/girlfriend by your ex-boyfriend/girlfriend's names is an example of _____ Proactive inhibition Retroactive inhibition Explicit  inhibition Implicit inhibition
Proactive inhibition past information may interfere with recall of material learned recently (old information interferes with new)
200
When subjects recalled words they had just heard  their _______ was active Hypothalamus Left frontal lobe Left frontal lobe auditory cortex
auditory cortex When subjects recalled words they had just heard (e.g., tired, rest) their auditory cortex was active (evidence of an auditory memory trace), as determined by brain imaging scans. But when subjects recalled a word that was not on the list (e.g., sleep) their auditory cortex was inactive.
200
Which of the following is not true for underlying representation? A. It is private in the mind of the sender; if the sender cannot put the thought into words, problems in comprehension arise B. refers to the meaning component of language; the thought you want to convey C. Good analogies have different underlying representations even when the topics are highly similar D. A communication is successful when the underlying representation constructed by the receiver matches the underlying representation of the sender.
A. Good analogies have different underlying representations even when the topics are highly similar ● Good analogies have similar underlying representations (intended meanings) even when the topics are highly dissimilar o Their meaning is clearly communicated or widely shared ▪ Ex: The lights are on but nobody’s home
200
Which of these is a leading question? Why is it? a) “I really like that movie. Don’t you?” b) “Isn’t it true that you were with me yesterday?” c) “So how long have you been cheating on me?” d) all of the above
d) all of the above Leading questions: Questions that suggest the answer or contain the information the examiner is looking for
300
What is the difference between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized: accumulated knowledge that increases up to old age Fluid: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly that decreases from our 30s onward
300
_______ is conscious memories you are fully aware of acquiring ________ is memories you are unaware of Give an example of each
Explicit- conscious memories you are fully aware of acquiring Can be deliberately recalled Friend’s phone, info for a test Implicit- memories you are unaware of Memories that influence us without our knowing it Ex: If you splash water on Clive Wearing, he won’t remember it, but the next time you see him, he’ll shield himself
300
According to the Levels of processing theory, recall is better when….
If processing is deeper, more meaningful, and personally relevant, recall will be better
300
What is semantic slanting
Often involves emotional language, labeling, and name calling, which can be used to influence thought
300
Name 2 types of leading questions
Tag questions (“Isn’t it?” “Don’t you?”) Coercive questions Asking for agreement (“Isn’t it true that...?”) Assumptive questions
400
What is the spectacular explanation fallacy? Define or give an example
The belief that extraordinary events require extraordinary explanations Ex: someone calls when you are thinking of them, a song comes on when you think of it
400
What are the Five explanations of forgetting? Which one Please define one of the five. BONUS- which is not a good explanation of decay?
decay- many memories gradually fade. IMPORTANT: Decay is not a good explanation of decay repression- some memories are pushed out of conscious awareness (motivated forgetting) distortion- memories can be affected by our expectations interference- negative effect of other information on memory cue dependency-failure to retrieve information if the right cue is not present
400
What is the difference between the recency effect and primacy effect?
Recency effect is when recall occurs immediately after learning, last few items on list are remembered best Primacy effect  is when recall occurs after some delay following learning, first few items are remembered best
400
What is the difference between ambiguous and vagueness?
Words are ambiguous when they can have multiple meanings(often 2 or 3 meanings) depending on context—especially when the appropriate meaning is unclear in a given context Vagueness refers to a lack of precision in a communication
400
What is re-representation? What is it for?
Re-representation is the deliberate use of multiple ways to represent information – concept maps, spatial arrays, and verbal strategies – as a means of enhancing comprehension and memory.
500
Name the steps of the four-part model for thinking critically:
Explicitly learn the skills of critical thinking Develop the disposition for effortful thinking and learning Direct learning activities in ways that increase the probability of transcontextual transfer Make metacognitive monitoring (i.e., monitoring of one’s own thinking) explicit and overt
500
What happened to Clive Wearing? Which memories could he retrieve and which memories couldn’t he retrieve? Given an example of each
viral encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue) at 47 hippocampus and parts of frontal lobe destroyed (esp left frontal lobe declarative memories can NOT be stored nor retrieved semantic and episodic stored nondeclarative memories can be stored and retrieved procedural and motor memories
500
What did Loftus and Palmer find in their research about the affect an eyewitness’s account of an event? What theory does this fall under?
The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants’ memory of the accident. Reconstruction theory
500
What are the differences between the stronger and weaker form of Sapir-whorf hypothesis?
Weaker form → S-W states that language influences but does not determine thinking Strongest form → S-W Hypothesis asserts that if a word does not exist in a language, then the corresponding thought or feeling does not exist
500
Name 3 types of concept map. For bonus points, draw one of them.
Linear array, hierarchy, network, matrix
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