Embryogenesis
The Adenohypophysis is formed for what type of tissue?
What is glandular tissue.
The primordial germ cells migrate by ameboid movement to what location in the embryo?
What is the gonadal ridge
This part of the pituitary gland only stores hormones produces from the hypothalamus.
What is the posterior pituitary gland.
What gland is melatonin secreted from?
What is the pineal gland
What are presynaptic neurons?
Bonus: What is an example of presynaptic neurons?
What is a nerve cell that sends signals to another nerve cell.
Which germ layer does the reproductive system develop from?
What is the Mesoderm
Which of the two gametes initiate primary sex determination?
What is spermatozoa
Where is GnRH produced from and what is its function?
What is the surge and tonic center of the hypothalamus; causes the release of LH and FSH from the Anterior pituitary
Biogenic Amines are derived from what amino acids?
What is tyrosine or tryptophan
What are the 4 elements that puberty is dependent on?
What is body size, Social Cues, Environment, and Genetics
This type of cell has the ability to form into all cell types of the conceptus.
What is Totipotent
Bonus: What are pluripotent and multipotent cells?
Explain the importance of the Y chromosome in spermatozoa.
What is the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which codes for the SRY protein that stimulates the development of the testis.
What is carries hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland without diluting the hormone in systemic blood.
Bonus: Why is this important?
T/F: Steroid hormones are metabolized in the kidneys and liver by breaking peptide bonds
What is false
What is the limiting factor in puberty?
What is the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
Estrogen produced by the ovaries bind to this protein. The combination of these two can not cross the blood-brain barrier causing the hypothalamus to be feminized.
What is alpha-fetoprotein
Bonus: What makes the male's hypothalamus 'defemimized'?
The mesonephric duct forms what in the male reproductive tract?
What is the epididymis and ductus deferens
Describe the synthesize of estrogen from cholesterol.
What is Cholesterol converts to progesterone by the enzyme side-chain cleavage, then progesterone is converted into testosterone by CYP17, finally testosterone is converted into estrogen by aromatase.
Describe a negative feedback.
What is leptin
Describe Freemartinism
What is when a heifer is born twin to a bull where they share the same blood supply and the female is exposed to the same hormones as the male.
The tubules of the reproductive tract fuses with this structure to create the opening to the outside.
What is the Urogenital sinus
Explain why eCG has a longer half life than GnRH.
What is eCG a glycoprotein hormone contains a higher percentage of carbohydrate groups that protect the hormone from degradation rather than GnRH a peptide hormone that has no carbohydrate groups.
Explain how a peptide/protein hormone can stimulate a cellular effect?
What is a hormone diffuses from the bloodstream and binds to a specific membrane bound G-protein coupled receptor that causes a physical change to the internal portion of the receptor activating the trimeric G-protein. The alpha-subunit of the G-protein activates adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP, a secondary messenger. cAMP activates the enzyme protein kinase which adds phosphate groups for new protein synthesis can occur creating a new product being secreted to enhance reproductive processes.
Bonus: Is this a slow response or fast response?
Describe a positive feedback on the female by estrogen?
What is when FSH and LH are released from the anterior pituitary gland by the release of GnRH from the TONIC center of the hypothalamus. FSH (stimulates follicular growth) and LH bind to their receptors within the ovaries and once bound to their receptors, estrogen is produced. When there is a threshold amount of estrogen in the body, estrogen will bind to kisspeptin neurons (presynaptic neuron) and then bind to GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus signaling to the surge center to release episodic pulses of LH from the anterior pituitary to induce a pre-ovulatory LH surge