Measuring Crime
What kind of data collection tool are respondents asked to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior or have been a victim of a crime.
self-report surveys
Which criminological perspective maintains that there is conflict between various societal groups with different interests, and it is often resolved when the group in power achieves control.
conflict perspective
What are the three elements of Routine Activities Theory that have to occur at the same time and and place for a crime to occur?
Capable guardian, suitable target, and motivated offender
Which of the biosocial perspectives were the researchers trying to examine by doing the twin studies shows in "Three Identical Strangers"?
Behavioral Genetics
Who defined criminology as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, which includes the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws?
Sutherland
Instances when crimes do not come to the attention of law enforcement or some other criminal justice agency are referred to as what term?
dark figure of crime
Which school of thought for the first time began to incorporate mitigating and aggravating factors into punishment?
Neoclassical School
Which of the three RAT elements are the least important?
Motivated offender
What are the physical manifestations of an atavistic individual that indicate features of a prior evolutionary stage of development?
Stigmata
Which characteristic of a good theory states theories should explain criminal activity in the simplest way possible?
Parsimony
What major criminal offense is not measured in the NCVS due to the nature of its data collection tool?
homicide
Which criminological school of thought assumes individuals do not have unlimited free will to control their behavior?
Positivist
What type of deterrence assumes the punishment given to an individual will prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future?
General Deterrence
What was Sheldon's theoretical approach called that based criminality on body type/structure?
somatotyping
What Latin term describes a crime that is considered "an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state".
mala in se
Where does the FBI receive the data they compile for the UCR?
police departments
Which individual is known for being the Father of Positivism and saying people were born criminal?
Lombroso
What three elements did Beccaria identify punishment required in order to deter individuals from committing crime?
certainty, severity, and swiftness
What do proponents of biosocial explanations of criminal behavior blame for deviant behavior?
genetics and environment
What can be a conceptualization or description of ideas or phenomena that can be examined using data?
Theory
The quantified measure of IQ was originated by which individual?
Alfred Binet
What classical school belief involves wanting the greatest good for the greatest number of people in society?
Utilitarianism
Which theory assumes individuals are rational and weigh the potential benefits against the potential costs of engaging in a criminal act?
Rational Choice Theory
What do we call the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction?
eugenics
What types of theories explain crime in a community or locality?
macro-level theories