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What is social learning aka modeling?
Behavior can be learned through observation (bobo)
Behaviour is especially likely to be imitated when it is rewarded
What are 4 important neurotransmitters for this class?
GABA
Dopamine**
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
What is the concordance rate?
% of cases in which a characteristic displayed by one individual is also displayed by another
How do we investigate concordance?
Family members
• MZ and DZ twins
• Adopted children to biological and adoptive parents
What is emotional reactivity and emotion regulation?
- Emotion reactivity: threshold & intensity of emotional experience
- Emotion regulation: ability to monitor, evaluate and modify one’s emotional reactions to accomplish a goal
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and positive punishment?
Both add something, but reinforcement refers to making the behavior increase in the future and punishment is decreasing the behavior.
What are the problems with punishment?
• Models hostile and aggressive behaviors
• Does not teach children new, prosocial behaviors, only what not to do
• Often used intermittently, which is not effective
• Children often learn to avoid punishment, and are negatively reinforced for this
• Can lead to abuse
What are the four types of attachment styles?
Secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious attachment, and disorganized.
What is disorganized attachment?
no clear pattern
What are the two types of emotional dysregulation?
Underregulation:
- expression uncontrolled
- Poor impulse control
- Acting-out
- Aggressive behavior
Overregulation:
- inability to express one’s feelings
- Anxiety disorders
- Depressive disorder
What is secure attachment (use the baby experiment to describe)?
freely explores when mom is present, becomes upset when mom is gone (with or without stranger) and is happy when mom comes back
What is avoidant attachment (use the baby experiment to describe)?
avoids mom and acts coldly toward her
What is anxious attachment (use the baby experiment to describe)?
does not avoid mom, but continues to cry when mom comforts
ABC's of assesment, checklist and rating scales, behavioral observations and recording.
What are the ABC's of assessment? Give an example.
A = antecedents
B = Behaviors of interest
C = consequences
e.g. A: teased at school -> B: school refusal -> C: no teasing
Why would we have both informants (e.g. parents) complete checklist about child's behavior?
Parents have different experiences with the child, and cultural norms can affect how parents/informants view the child (e.g. boys will be boys) etc
What do neuropsychological tests measure?
Cognitive: language, abstract reasoning, problem solving
Perceptual: visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic
Motor: strength, speed of performance, coordination, dexterity
Emotional/executive control: attention, concentration, frustration tolerance, emotional functioning
What does the verbal comprehension index test?
Providing factual information, defining words, understanding verbal analogies
A teacher notices that students are talking during lectures. She begins assigning extra homework whenever the class gets too noisy. Over time, the students become quieter during class.
In regard to the students and teacher, is this positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment?
Positive punishment - students
negative reinforcment - teacher
A researcher creates a survey to measure stress levels in college students. Each time participants take the survey, they get almost the exact same score, even weeks apart. However, when compared to physiological measures of stress (like cortisol levels), the survey scores do not match at all. What is the main issue?
A. High validity, low reliability
B. Low validity, high reliability
C. Low validity, low reliability
D. High validity, high reliability
B: Low validity, high reliability
What is the HPA axis made up of, and what are two important hormones associated with it?
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.
Adrenal glands release epinephrine and cortisol.
General process:
hypo -> releasing factor -> anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> adrenal cortex ->cortisol
What are the four types of parenting styles? Describe them.
Authoritative: high control + high acceptance
- Set and enforce standards
- considerate of children’s needs
- Encourage independence, individuality
indulgent/permissive: low control + high acceptance
- Make few demands for mature behavior
- Allow children to regulate themselves
- Tolerate children’s impulses
authoritarian: high control + low acceptance
- Strictly set rules which cannot be challenged
- Use fairly severe punishment
neglectful: low control + low acceptance
- Uninvolved
- Give little time, attention, or emotional commitment to children
What do the following treatments typically target?
Psychodynamic, behavioral, combined and cognitive
Psychodynamic: Develop awareness of unconscious factors
behavioral: Positive reinforcement, time out, modeling, systematic desensitization
combined: all of em basically
cognitive: Change faulty cognitions (i.e., irrational beliefs, misinterpretations)
What do the following treatments typically target?
Cognitive-behavioral, client-centered, family, and biological.
Cognitive-behavioral: Combine elements of behavioral & cognitive treatments
client-centered: Fix social or environmental circumstances
family: Work with entire family (e.g., foster communication)
biological: Medicate! ECT
A researcher tests a new study method. One group of students uses the new method, while a completely different group uses a traditional method. Their test scores are compared at the end. What type of design is this?
A. Within-subjects design
B. Between-subjects design
C. Correlational design
D. Case study
B. Between-subjects design