Conditioning & Learning
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, dogs learned to salivate in response to the ringing of a bell. In this example, the bell is ___________.
When false information is presented after an event that incorrectly alters our memory of the event, this is called ________________.
the misinformation effect
Dunbar et al. (1997) found that 60-70% of everyday conversation is about what?
Gossip (talking about ourselves and others)
Tim says he is 99% confident in his guess on the test. Especially given that he is guessing, this is likely an example of what bias?
Overconfidence
Multitasking is another word for this type of attention.
Divided attention
Name Bandura's famous experiment that was an example of the Social Learning Theory (children mimicked adults' aggressive behaviors).
Bobo Doll Experiment
Matching & multiple choice questions are examples of recognition tests. Short answer questions are examples of ________ tests.
Production
_________ is the words and expressions that comprise language.
Lexicon
The bias to be affected by an initial number, even if the number is arbitrary, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments away from that number.
Anchoring
We use dichotic listening and shadowing studies to study which type of attention?
Selective
Every time your younger brother behaves in a polite manner, you give him some candy. What type of reinforcement or punishment is this an example of?
Positive reinforcement [add something (candy) to increase behavior (being polite)]
Memories of life events are called episodic. Memories of facts and general knowledge are called _________.
semantic
True or false: our awareness of ingroups and outgroups influences how we use language.
And what is an example of this?
True.
Linguistic intergroup bias
A client comes into my office and I immediately get a feeling that this person is dangerous. System 1 or System 2?
System 1
I don't notice my old math teacher standing right in front of me because my attention is devoted to a conversation I am having with my friend. This is an example of?
Inattentional blindness
John's younger sister wants him to share his cookie with her. She decides that she is going to keep annoying him until he gives her some cookie. What type of reinforcement or punishment is this an example of?
Negative Reinforcement [taking away something (stop annoying) to increase behavior (share cookie)]
Tina remembers getting lost in the mall because her sister made jokes about it. However, Tina's mom said this never happened. This is likely an example of a _________ memory.
false
A stimulus presented to a person reminds you about other ideas associated with the stimulus (for example, if I mention that Mike proposed to Susan, you might start thinking about weddings). What is this called?
Priming
Model of human behavior that suggests that while humans try to make rational decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us.
Bounded Rationality
Name one factor that limits our ability to effectively multitask.
We are trying to perform cognitively demanding tasks.
Individual differences in ability to multitask.
True or false: spacing out repetitions of study has been shown to be an effective learning strategy.
True
I remember exactly where I was when I heard about 9/11. This specific memory of hearing emotionally arousing news is called a ____________ memory.
flashbulb
Name two language concepts that were highlighted by the video of the twin babies communicating.
Common ground
Audience design
Situation models
Our own behavior is influenced because we care about the outcomes of others.
Bounded Self-Interest
To improve our ability to multitask, we can train ourselves to make difficult tasks more __________ and therefore less cognitively demanding.
automated