Microbial Growth
This is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial required to kill the organism.
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
These organisms grow best in high salt conditions.
What are halophiles?
A point mutation that codes for a stop codon instead of an amino acid codon.
What is nonsense mutation?
This is the use of organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous, or harmful compounds into less harmful forms.
What is bioremediation?
The four nitrogenous bases found in RNA.
What are Adenosine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine?
This type of microbial control inhibits or destroys pathogens on inanimate objects.
What is disinfection?
These metabolic reactions are typically endergonic.
What are anabolic reactions?
This is DNA found outside of the nucleoid in prokaryotes, which often has fertility factors, antimicrobial resistance factors, and virulence factors.
What are Plasmids?
These are the six chemical elements that make up most macromolecules.
What is Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur (or CHNOPS)?
List the steps of transcription in order.
What are initiation, elongation, and termination.
This is the term for a condition where bacteria are prohibited from replicating, but living cells are not killed.
What is bacteriostatic?
Microorganism that requires low levels of oxygen.
What are microaerophile microbes.
The three major ways in which DNA is naturally introduced by horizontal gene transfer into prokaryotes.
What are transformation, transduction, and conjugation?
Here, a microbe releases a product for the purpose of inhibiting the growth of other organisms.
What is antagonism?
Why is a point mutation more deleterious than a three point mutation?
A point mutation can alter all the amino acids following the mutation while a three pint mutation will add an amino acid to the polypeptide.
These entities are most resistant to heat sterilization.
What are prions?
These are the three stages of aerobic glucose catabolism?
What are glycolysis, Krebs cycle (or TCA cycle or citric acid cycle), and electron transport chain?
These are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sites that are usually palindromes (GGATCC).
What are restriction enzymes?
These are the two types of food poisoning.
What is food infection and food intoxication?
This is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
What is the terminal electron acceptor? (oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, and other organic compounds are the terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration).
These microbial entities survive during pasteurization, causing the spoilage of dairy products.
What are bacterial spores?
These are the three energy carriers that are generated by respiration.
What are ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Why use mRNA and reverse transcriptase to insert a eukaryotic gene into a bacterial cell?
Eukaryotic DNA is spliced during transcription and the introns are not included in translation. If you inserted eukaryotic DNA in a plasmid all the DNA would be translated into amino acids and a faulty polypeptide would be made.
These are the features described by “extrinsic factors” for food spoilage.
What is food processing, food handling, and storage.
Name the two types of fermentation and their end products.
What are alcoholic fermentation (which produces ethyl alcohol) and lactic acid fermentation (which produces lactic acid).